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BLOODBANK/IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY > Major Blood Group system > Flashcards

Major Blood Group system Flashcards

1
Q

Most important blood group system in transfusion practice

A

ABO blood group system

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2
Q

ABO frequency distribution for Whites

A

O-45%, A-40%, B-11%, AB-4%

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3
Q

ABO frequency distribution for Blacks

A

O-50%, A-26%, B-20%, AB-4%

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4
Q

ABO frequency distribution for Asians

A

O-40%, A-28%, B-27%, AB-5%

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5
Q

Landsteiner’s law regarding blood groups

A

Antigen on RBC determines the blood group, and the corresponding antibody is not found in the individual’s serum.

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6
Q

Meaning of ABO blood group system numbering 001 003

A

First three digits represent the blood group, last three digits represent the antigen expressed.

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7
Q

Antigens location in the blood

A

Surface of red blood cells

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8
Q

Antibodies location in the blood

A

In serum or plasma

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9
Q

ABO antibodies classification

A

Naturally occurring, predominantly IgM

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10
Q

Production initiation and peak age of ABO antibodies

A

Initiated at birth, detectable titers peak at 5-10 years

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11
Q

ABO antibodies in Type O

A

Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-AB

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12
Q

ABO antibodies in Type A

A

Anti-B

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13
Q

ABO antibodies in Type B

A

Anti-A

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14
Q

ABO antibodies in Type AB

A

None

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15
Q

Most frequently performed tests in blood bank

A

Forward typing and Reverse typing

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16
Q

Forward typing process

A

Using known sources of commercial anti-A, anti-B to detect on individual’s RBCs

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17
Q

Reverse typing process

A

Detecting ABO in patient’s serum using known reagent red cell suspension

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18
Q

Reagents used in reverse typing

A

4-5% red cell suspension (Tomato red suspension)

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19
Q

Reverse typing exception

A

Not required in infants less than 4 months old

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20
Q

General rule for adding reagents in blood typing

A

Drop first clear solute, then add RBC to ensure both antibody and antigen are added

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21
Q

Type I precursor substance linkage

A

Terminal galactose attached to N-acetylglucosamine in a beta 1 → 3 linkage

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22
Q

Type II precursor substance linkage

A

Terminal galactose attached to N-acetylglucosamine in a beta 1 → 4 linkage

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23
Q

Gene controlling ABH antigens on RBC membrane

A

H gene

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24
Q

Gene indirectly controlling ABH antigens in secretions

A

SE gene

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25
Q

Secretion test principle

A

Involves agglutination inhibition reaction

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26
Q

Secretion test patient sample

A

Saliva

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27
Q

Secretion test reagents

A

Reagent 1: Antisera; Reagent 2: Known cells

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28
Q

Alleles of the Se gene and their implications:

A

SeSe or Sese: Secretor; sese: Non-secretor

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29
Q

Unexpected reactions in ABO typing can occur due to

A

Extra positive reaction or weak/missing reaction in forward and reverse grouping

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30
Q

ABO discrepancy encountered resolution

A

Results must be recorded, but ABO type interpretation must be delayed until resolved

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31
Q

ABO discrepancy unresolved,

A

Transfuse group O blood

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32
Q

Primary cause of hemolytic disease of the fetus and the newborn (HDFN) and hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTR)

A

Rh blood group

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33
Q

Second most important phenotypically related to Rh blood group

A

LW

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34
Q

Landsteiner and Wiener discovered Rh antibody agglutination in

A

Guinea pigs, rabbits, and Rhesus macaque monkeys

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35
Q

Fisher Race Rh blood group system

A

DCE

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36
Q

Wiener Rh blood group system

A

Rh-Hr

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37
Q

Rosenfield Rh blood group system

A

Numerical

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38
Q

ISBT 004 001 Fisher Race, Wiener, Rosenfield

A

ISBT 004 001: D, Rh0, Rh1

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39
Q

ISBT 004 002 Fisher Race, Wiener, Rosenfield

A

ISBT 004 002: C, Rh’, Rh2

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40
Q

ISBT 004 003 Fisher Race, Wiener, Rosenfield

A

ISBT 004 003: E, Rh’’, Rh3

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41
Q

ISBT 004 004 Fisher Race, Wiener, Rosenfield

A

ISBT 004 004: c, hr’, Rh4

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42
Q

ISBT 004 005 Fisher Race, Wiener, Rosenfield

A

ISBT 004 005: e, hr’, Rh5

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43
Q

RhD gene

A

Codes for the presence and absence of D antigen

44
Q

RHCE gene

A

Codes for the expression of CcEe antigens

45
Q

RHAG gene

A

Codes for Rh-associated glycoprotein 6

46
Q

Modified Wiener nomenclature for agglutinogens

A

Agglutinogen is described by a letter and symbol assigned based on factors present

47
Q

R in Wiener nomenclature

A

Presence of D antigen

48
Q

r in Wiener nomenclature

A

Absence of D antigen

49
Q

1 or ‘ in Wiener nomenclature

50
Q

no 1 or no ‘ in Wiener nomenclature

51
Q

2 or ‘’ in Wiener nomenclature

52
Q

no 2 or no ‘’ in Wiener nomenclature

53
Q

Rz or Ry in Wiener nomenclature

A

When both C and E are present

54
Q

R1 in Fisher Race nomenclature

55
Q

r’ in Fisher Race nomenclature

56
Q

R0 in Fisher Race nomenclature

57
Q

Rosenfield Nomenclature assigns a number to each antigen of the Rh system based on

A

The order of discovery or recognized relationship to the Rh system.

58
Q

A minus sign preceding a number in Rosenfield Nomenclature indicates

A

The absence of the antigen.

59
Q

If an antigen has not been phenotyped in Rosenfield Nomenclature, its number will

A

Not appear in the sequence.

60
Q

Fisher-Race: Dce/DCe Rosenfield interpretation is

A

Rh: 1,2-3,4,5.

61
Q

Fisher-Race - dCE/dCe Rosenfield interpretation is

A

Rh: -1,2,3,-4,5.

62
Q

International Society of Blood Transfusion Committee’s updated numeric terminology aims to

A

Establish a uniform nomenclature that is both eye- and machine-readable.

63
Q

International Society of Blood Transfusion Committee adopted a six-digit number for each antigen to

A

Ensure consistency with the genetic basis of blood groups.

64
Q

RHD gene codes for the expression of

A

D antigen.

65
Q

RHCE gene codes for the expression of

A

Cc, Ee antigens.

66
Q

Shorthand nomenclature for Gene Complex Dce is

67
Q

Shorthand nomenclature for Gene Complex DCe, Dce is

68
Q

Shorthand nomenclature for Gene Complex DcE, DcE is

69
Q

Shorthand nomenclature for Gene Complex DCE, DC is

70
Q

Rh negative phenotype for dce, dce is

71
Q

Rh negative phenotype for dCe, dCe is

72
Q

Rh negative phenotype for dcE, dcE is

73
Q

Rh negative phenotype for dCE, dCE is

74
Q

Rh genetic molecular studies are located on

A

Chromosome 1.

75
Q

The RHD gene codes for

A

D antigen.

76
Q

The RHCE gene codes for

A

Cc, Ee antigens.

77
Q

Rh antigens are characterized as

A

Nonglycosylated proteins in the red cell membrane.

78
Q

The immunogenicity of common Rh antigens is ranked as

A

D > c > E > C > e.

79
Q

The D antigen is considered

A

The most immunogenic of Rh antigens and the basis for the descriptive terms ‘Rh positive’ and ‘Rh negative.’

80
Q

Amino acid position 103 in Rh is important for determining

81
Q

Amino acid position 226 in Rh differentiates

82
Q

Some individuals appear as Rh negative due to

A

Weak expression of the D antigen.

83
Q

Individuals with weak D may be technically

A

Rh positive despite appearing Rh negative during routine Rh typing.

84
Q

Testing for weak D uses

A

Anti-human globulin (AHG) (Indirect Anti-globulin).

85
Q

The procedure for weak D testing involves

A

Washing the tube with negative result from routine Rh typing three times with isotonic saline, then adding AHG reagent and checking for agglutination.

86
Q

Positive agglutination in weak D testing indicates

A

The individual is weak D positive and is reported as Rh-positive.

87
Q

Absence of agglutination in weak D testing indicates

A

The individual is confirmed Rh-negative.

88
Q

For a recipient with weak D, the Rh status is

A

Rh negative.

89
Q

For a donor with weak D, the Rh status is

A

Rh positive.

90
Q

Categories of weak D antigen variations

A

Position effect, Quantitative, Partial-D antigen.

91
Q

Position effect of weak D antigen

A

C antigen steric arrangement interferes with D antigen.

92
Q

Quantitative variation of weak D antigen

A

Fewer D antigens expressed; complete but reduced.

93
Q

D el variation in weak D antigen

A

Extremely low D antigen sites, undetectable by most anti-D.

94
Q

Partial-D antigen (D mosaic)

A

Missing D antigen epitopes; alloantibody can form.

95
Q

Partial-D antigen may cause

A

Alloantibody production if exposed to complete D antigen.

96
Q

Rh antibodies reaction temperature

97
Q

Rh antibodies characteristics

A

Immune, no complement binding, dosage effect

98
Q

Rh antigen dosage

A

D: no dosage, homozygous

99
Q

Rh clinical considerations

100
Q

Rh typing procedure

A

Slide test (45°C), Tube test (37°C)

101
Q

No Rh antigens on RBC, life-saving blood, Genotype: r’’ stomatocytes

102
Q

Severely reduced Rh antigen expression, Rh antigen expression reduced

103
Q

Increased D antigen concentration, no C/c or E/e reactivity

A

D- exalted

104
Q

Considered allele in C/c locus, rare Rh antigen

105
Q

Compound antigen: c and e in cis position

106
Q

Compound antigen: C and e in cis position

A

Rh antigen

107
Q

D+ and C+ individual, present in D and C positive individuals

BLOODBANK/IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY (22 decks)

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