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BLOODBANK/IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY > ABO subgroups > Flashcards

ABO subgroups Flashcards

1
Q

ABO subgroups represent:

A

Phenotypes showing weaker and variable serologic reactivity with anti-A, anti-B, and anti-A,B reagents

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2
Q

Cause of ABO subgroups:

A

Result of less effective enzymes that convert H antigens to A or B antigens

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3
Q

Key difference in ABO subgroups:

A

Amount of antigen present on the red blood cell membrane

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4
Q

Phenotype A1: Antigens present and population frequency

A

Antigens: A, A1; Frequency: 80%

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5
Q

Phenotype A2: Antigens present and population frequency

A

Antigens: A; Frequency: 20%

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6
Q

Reactivity of A1 individuals with anti-A (B sera) and anti-A1 lectin

A

Positive for both anti-A and anti-A1 lectin

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7
Q

Reactivity of A2 individuals with anti-A (B sera)

A

Positive for anti-A only

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8
Q

Frequency of anti-A1 formation in A2 individuals

A

1-8%

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9
Q

Frequency of anti-A1 formation in A2B individuals

A

0.25

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10
Q

Anti-H lectin reactivity comparison: A1 vs A2 RBCs

A

A2 shows increased reactivity with anti-H lectin compared to A1

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11
Q

Weak A subgroup characteristics: Antigen sites per RBC

A

Decreased number of A antigen sites per RBC

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12
Q

Weak A subgroup characteristics: Agglutination with human anti-A, B

A

Variable degrees of agglutination

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13
Q

Weak A subgroup characteristics: Detectability of H antigen

A

Strong reactions with anti-H due to variability in detectability

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14
Q

Weak A subgroup characterization methods

A

Secretor studies, adsorption studies, and molecular testing

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15
Q

Subgroups of A showing mixed-field reactions

A

A3, Ax, Aend

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16
Q

Subgroups of A with no reaction with anti-A and anti-AB

A

Am, Ay, Ael

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17
Q

Subgroup of B with mixed-field agglutination with anti-B and/or anti-A,B

A

B3

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18
Q

Subgroup of B with agglutination only with anti-A,B (weak/none with anti-B)

A

Bx

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19
Q

Subgroup of B with no agglutination with anti-B and anti-A,B

A

Bm, Bel

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20
Q

Subgroup of B with secretors demonstrating quantities of B substance in saliva

A

Bel

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21
Q

Subgroup of B with secretors containing only H substance and no B substance in saliva

A

Bel

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22
Q

Year and location of first reported H-deficient case (Bombay phenotype)

A

1952, Bombay, India

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23
Q

Phenotype lacking ABH antigen expression, typing as hh antigen

A

Bombay phenotype

24
Q

Consequence of no H antigens being formed in Bombay phenotype

A

No A nor B antigens are formed; phenotypes as blood group O

25
Q

Serum composition in Bombay phenotype

A

Anti-A, anti-B, anti-AB, and anti-H

26
Q

Blood compatibility for transfusion in Bombay phenotype

A

Only from another Bombay (Oh)

27
Q

Genotype of classic Bombay phenotype

A

hh/sese

28
Q

Genotype of para Bombay phenotype

A

hh/Se

29
Q

Genotype of H-partially deficient variant

A

hh/se

30
Q

Glycosyltransferase activity in para Bombay phenotype

A

A and/or B transferase

31
Q

Glycosyltransferase activity in H-partially deficient variant

A

A and/or B transferase

32
Q

Antibodies present in classic Bombay phenotype

A

Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-H

33
Q

Antibodies present in para Bombay phenotype

A

Weak Anti-H, Anti-A/B

34
Q

Antibodies present in H-partially deficient variant

A

Anti-H, Anti-A/B

35
Q

Source of group-specific substances (Ernest Witebsky) for A and B antigens

A

A: Hog stomach; B: Horse stomach

36
Q

Common ABO discrepancy involving defects in reverse typing

A

Group I: Missing or weakly reacting antibodies

37
Q

ABO discrepancy detected in forward typing due to missing or weakly reacting antigens

A

Group II

38
Q

ABO discrepancy detected in both forward and reverse typing due to protein or plasma abnormalities

A

Group III

39
Q

ABO discrepancy in reverse typing caused by miscellaneous issues

A

Group IV

40
Q

Group II discrepancy due to weakened antigens neutralized by blood group-specific soluble substances (BGSS)

A

Subgroups of A(B), leukemias, acquired B phenomenon

41
Q

Reaction seen in acquired B phenomenon with Anti-B clone ES4

A

Positive reaction

42
Q

Reagent treatment to re-acetylate surface molecules and reduce anti-B reactivity in acquired B phenomenon

A

Acetic anhydride treatment

43
Q

Anti-B pH range for reduced reactivity in acquired B phenomenon

A

pH >8.5 or <6.0

44
Q

Substance used to neutralize anti-sera in acquired B phenomenon

A

Blood group-specific soluble substance (BGSS)

45
Q

Group I discrepancies are common in these populations or conditions

A

Newborns, elderly patients, hypogammaglobulinemia, agammaglobulinemia, patients receiving plasma transfusion or exchange transfusion

46
Q

Rare Group I discrepancy caused by two cell populations in one individual

A

Chimerism

47
Q

Group II discrepancies can occur due to these conditions

A

Leukemia, Hodgkin’s disease, A/B subgroups, acquired B phenomenon, antibodies to low-incidence antigens

48
Q

Group III discrepancy is caused by these conditions

A

Elevated globulin levels (e.g., multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia, advanced Hodgkin’s lymphoma), elevated fibrinogen, plasma expanders (dextran, polyvinylpyrrolidone), Wharton’s jelly in cord blood

49
Q

ABO discrepancy seen with elevated levels of fibrinogen or plasma expanders

A

Group III

50
Q

Group IV discrepancy causes

A

Cold reactive autoantibodies, more than one ABO group due to RBC transfusion or bone marrow transplant (BMT), unexpected alloantibodies, unexpected ABO isoagglutinins

51
Q

Group IV discrepancy involving inherited genetic variation of the ABO group

A

Cis-AB

52
Q

Definition of Cis-AB

A

Inheritance of both A and B genes from one parent on the same chromosome, with an O gene inherited from the other parent

53
Q

Group III discrepancy commonly seen in this type of blood sample

A

Cord blood contaminated with Wharton’s jelly

54
Q

Cold reactive autoantibodies causing ABO discrepancies are categorized as

A

Group IV

55
Q

Discrepancy in a patient with both RBC transfusion and bone marrow transplant presenting multiple ABO groups

A

Group IV

56
Q

Unexpected ABO isoagglutinins are a feature of which discrepancy group

A

Group IV

BLOODBANK/IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY (22 decks)

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