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BLOODBANK/IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY > Blood Group Antibodies > Flashcards

Blood Group Antibodies Flashcards

1
Q

Warm reacting IgG

R D K K M N S

A

Rh, Duffy, Kidd, Kell, MNS’

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2
Q

Reacts with an antigen on the patient’s own cells

A

Autoantibody

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3
Q

Reacts with a foreign antigen not present on the patient’s own erythrocytes

A

Alloantibody

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4
Q

Antigenic stimulus is unknown; occurs without exposure to antigens

A

Natural occurring antibodies

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5
Q

Individual exposed to biochemical structures similar to A or B antigens in the environment (bacteria, pollen, plants)

A

Non-RBC stimulated antibody

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6
Q

Produced after exposure to foreign erythrocyte antigens through transfusion or pregnancy

A

Immune antibodies

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7
Q

Naturally occurring antibodies characteristics

A

IgM, React at 4-22°C

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8
Q

Immune antibodies characteristics

A

IgG, React at 37°C

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9
Q

Clinical significance of IgG

A

Causes HTR (hemolytic transfusion reaction) and HDN (hemolytic disease of the newborn)

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10
Q

Red cells from homozygous individuals possess more antigens per red cell than those from heterozygous individuals

A

Dosage effect

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11
Q

pH for antigen-antibody reaction

A

6.5 to 7.5

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12
Q

Temperature for IgM and IgG antibodies

A

IgM reacts at room temperature; IgG reacts at body temperature

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13
Q

Biphasic antibody

A

auto-anti-P

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14
Q

Over centrifugation effect

A

Causes false positive results

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15
Q

Under centrifugation effect

A

Causes false negative results

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16
Q

Reagents that enhance IgG antibody detection by reducing zeta potential, promoting antibody uptake, or direct agglutination

A

Enhancement medium

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17
Q

Increased concentration promotes rouleaux formation in enhancement medium

A

Bovine serum albumin (22%)

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18
Q

Removes water molecules, enhances antibody detection by reducing surface tension and promoting closer interaction between cells

A

Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)

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19
Q

Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) incubation

A

Incubate for 10-30 minutes without centrifuge to avoid false positive results

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20
Q

More effective than albumin or LISS for detecting weak antibodies in enhancement medium

A

Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) effectiveness

21
Q

Enhancement medium used in antibody detection

22
Q

Enhancement medium used in antibody detection

A

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)

23
Q

Low Ionic Strength Solution (LISS) component

A

Contains 0.2% sodium chloride; reduces ionic strength and zeta potential, allowing more efficient antibody-antigen reactions

24
Q

LISS incubation time

A

5-10 minutes

25
Q

LISS disadvantage

A

Prone to false positives

26
Q

Use of enzymes in blood testing

A

Target sialic acid and protein molecules to enhance or destroy specific antigens

27
Q

Enzymes that enhance antigen reactions

A

Papain, Ficin, Trypsin, Bromelain

28
Q

Enzymes that enhance antigens

A

Rh, Kidd, P1, Lewis, I antigens

29
Q

Enzymes that destroy antigens

A

Fya, Fyb, M, N, S, Duffy, MNSS

30
Q

Antihuman Globulin Reagent (AHG)

A

Used in Coombs’ test to detect antibodies and complement proteins attached to RBCs

31
Q

Coombs’ test discovery year

A

1945 by Coombs, Mourant, and Race

32
Q

Kell antigen discovery

A

Kell was the first antigen discovered using Coombs’ test

33
Q

Detects in vivo sensitization of RBCs with IgG/complement components

A

Direct AHG

34
Q

Direct AHG procedure

A

Washed RBC + AHG reagent; does not require washing

35
Q

Detects in vitro sensitization of RBCs

A

Indirect AHG

36
Q

Uses of Indirect AHG

A

Antibody detection, Antibody identification, Antibody titration, Red cell phenotyping, Crossmatching

37
Q

Indirect AHG procedure (patient’s red cells)

A

Incubate with anti-sera, wash 3x, add AHG reagent, check cells

38
Q

Contains antibody to human IgG and to the C3d component of human complement

A

Polyspecific AHG

39
Q

Contains only one antibody specificity: anti-IgG or antibody to specific components of complement (C3b or C3d)

A

Monospecific AHG

40
Q

Mixture of antibodies from different plasma cell clones recognizing different epitopes or same epitope with different affinities

A

Polyclonal AHG

41
Q

Derived from one clone of plasma cells, recognizes a single epitope

A

Monoclonal AHG

42
Q

Red cells with attached antibody added to AHG negative result to confirm test validity

A

Check Cells

43
Q

Prompt

44
Q

Detects 100 to 500 IgG molecules per RBC and 400 to 1,100 molecules of C3d per RBC

A

DAT sensitivity

45
Q

100 to 200 IgG or C3 molecules on the cell for a positive reaction

A

IAT sensitivity

46
Q

Antibody-mediated clumping of particles expressing antigen on the surface

A

Agglutination

47
Q

Rupture of red cells with release of intracellular hemoglobin

48
Q

Formation of an insoluble complex when soluble antigen reacts with soluble antibody

A

Precipitation and flocculation

BLOODBANK/IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY (22 decks)

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