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Theories of Personality > M3 Week 12: Skinner > Flashcards

M3 Week 12: Skinner Flashcards

1
Q

Early pioneers of Behaviorism

A

E.L. Thorndike and John B. Watson

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2
Q

Skinner’s Behavior analysis focused almost entirely on ________ behavior

A

observable

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3
Q

He earned the label _________ because of his strict adherence to an observable approach

A

RADICAL BEHAVIORISM

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4
Q

TRUE or FALSE
Skinner is a determinist and an environmentalist.

A

TRUE

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5
Q

TRUE or FALSE
He rejected the notion of free will.

A

TRUE - Behavior can be studied lawfully scientifically

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6
Q

Who recognized that genetic factors are important but he insists that because they are fixed at conception, they are of no help in the control of behavior

A

B.F. Skinner

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7
Q

Who held that psychology must not explain behavior based on the physiological or constitutional components of the organism but rather based on environmental stimuli

A

B.F. Skinner

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8
Q

TRUE or FALSE
The history of the individual rather than anatomy provides the most useful data for predicting and controlling behavior

A

TRUE

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9
Q

________ was born on March 20, 1904, in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania

A

Burrhus Frederic Skinner

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10
Q

The first child of William Skinner and Grace Mange Burrhus Skinner

A

B.F. Skinner

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11
Q

TRUE or FALSE
Skinner grew up in a comfortable, happy, upper-middle-class home where his parents practiced the values of temperance, service, honesty, and hard work.

A

TRUE

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12
Q

After reading the works of Watson and Pavlov, Skinner became determined to be a _______.

A

behaviorist

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13
Q

In 1933, Harvard created the _______, a program designed to promote creative thinking among young intellectually gifted men at the university. Skinner was selected as a Junior Fellow and spent the next 3 years doing more laboratory research.

A

Society of Fellows

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14
Q

Skinner married ______ and had two daughters.

A

Yvonne Blue

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15
Q

Skinner’s Project ________ obtained him a grant from the University of Minnesota and financial aid from General Mills.

A

Pigeon

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16
Q

Condition pigeons to make appropriate pecks on keys that would maneuver an explosive missile into an enemy target.

A

Project Pigeon

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17
Q

The________ was another of his projects, an enclosed crib with a large window and a continual supply of fresh warm air.

A

Baby-tender

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18
Q

It provided a physically and psychologically safe and healthy environment for his second daughter and freed the parents from unnecessary tedious labor.

A

Baby-tender

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19
Q

TRUE or FALSE
His frustrations with the Project Pigeon and the baby-tender let to a second identity crisis, this one at midlife.

A

TRUE

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20
Q

In 1945, Skinner became _________ at Indiana University.

A

Chair of the Psychology Department

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21
Q

In the summer of 1945, he wrote ______. It was published 3 years later, the book provided its author with immediate therapy in the form of an emotional catharsis.

A

Walden Two

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22
Q

A utopian novel that portrays a society in which problems were solved through behavioral engineering.

A

Walden Two

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23
Q

TRUE or FALSE
In 1948, Skinner returned to Harvard where he taught mostly in the College of Education and continued with some small experiments with pigeons.

A

TRUE

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24
Q

In 1964, at age 60, he retired from ______ but retained faculty status.

A

Teaching

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25
Q

Skinner wrote several important books on human behavior and helped attain the status of _________

A

America’s best-known living psychologist

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26
Q

Skinner received a Citation for Outstanding Lifetime Contribution to Psychology, the only person to receive such an award in the history of ______.

A

APA

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27
Q

Other honors and awards of Skinner:

A
  • William James Lecturer at Harvard
  • APA Distinguished Scientific Award
  • President’s Medal of Science.
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28
Q

On August 18, 1990, Skinner died of _______

A

leukemia

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29
Q

Scientific influences:
Learning takes place mostly because of the effects that follow a response.

A

El Thorndike LAW OF EFFECT

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30
Q

Scientific influences:
Consciousness and introspection must play no role in the scientific study of human behavior.

A

JB Watsons LAW OF EFFECT

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31
Q

Scientific influences:
The goal of psychology is the prediction and control of behavior and that goal could best be reached by limiting psychology to an objective study of habits formed through stimulus-response connections.

A

JB Watsons LAW OF EFFECT

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32
Q

Scientific influences:
Stimuli that are followed immediately by a satisfier tend to be stamped in.

A

Satisfier (El Thorndike LAW OF EFFECT)

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33
Q

Scientific influences:
Stimuli that are followed immediately by an
annoyer tends to be stamped out.

A

Annoyer (El Thorndike LAW OF EFFECT)

34
Q

Skinner called classical conditioning as ________

A

RESPONDENT CONDITIONING

35
Q

A response is drawn out of the organism by a specific, identifiable stimulus.

A

CLASSICAL / RESPONDENT CONDITIONING

36
Q

Operant conditioning also called ________

A

SKINNERIAN CONDITIONING

37
Q

A behavior is made more likely to recur when it is immediately reinforced.

A

OPERANT / SKINNERIAN CONDITIONING

38
Q

Behavior is elicited or drawn from the organism

A

Classical conditioning

39
Q

Behavior is emitted or simple appears

A

Operant conditioning

40
Q

TRUE or FALSE
Emitted responses previously exist inside the organism

A

FALSE - they simply appear because of the organism’s individual history of reinforcement or the species’ evolutionary history.

41
Q

A procedure in which the experimenter or the
environment first rewards gross approximations of the behavior, then closer approximations, and finally the desired behavior itself.

A

Shaping

42
Q

Breaking down the complex behavior into simple segments. After the behavior is learned, reinforcement need not follow every successful trial, the new ability or behavior becomes a reward in itself.

A

SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATIONS

43
Q

3 CONDITIONS (SHAPING)

A

A - Antecedent
B - Behavior
C - Consequences

44
Q

Refers to the environment or setting in which the behavior takes place.

A

Antecedent

45
Q

The response must be within the capacity and not interfered with by competing or antagonistic behaviors.

A

Behavior

46
Q

Reward

A

Consequences

47
Q

Increases the probability that the same behavior will occur again.

A

Reinforcement

48
Q

It does not cause the behavior but it increases the likelihood that it will be repeated.

A

Reinforcement

49
Q

2 EFFECTS (REINFORCEMENT)

A
  1. It strengthens the behavior
  2. It rewards the person

*Not every behavior that is reinforced is rewarding or pleasing to the person.

50
Q

Any stimulus that when added to a situation,
increases the probability that a given behavior will occur is termed a positive reinforcer. Ex. Food, water, sex, money, social approval, physical comfort.

A

Positive Reinforcement

51
Q

The removal of an aversive stimulus from a
situation also increases the probability that the preceding behavior will occur.

A

Negative Reinforcement

52
Q

TRUE or FALSE
The effect of negative reinforcement is identical to that of positive reinforcement - both strengthen behavior.

A

TRUE

53
Q

Negative reinforcement is not the same as _______.

A

Punishment

54
Q

the presentation of an aversive stimulus, such as an electric shock, or the removal of a positive one such as disconnecting an adolescent’s internet.

A

Punishment

55
Q

It does not weaken the behavior. It is less predictable than reward.

A

Punishment

56
Q

There are many problems with using punishment, such as:

A
  1. Punished behavior is not forgotten, it’s suppressed
    - behavior returns when punishment is no longer present.
    `
  2. Causes increased aggression
    - shows that aggression is a way to cope with problems.
  3. Creates fear that can generalize to undesirable behaviors, e.g., fear of school.
  4. Does not necessarily guide toward desired behavior
    - reinforcement tells you what to do, punishment only tells you what not to do.
57
Q

5 Schedule of Reinforcement

A
  1. Continuous Reinforcement
  2. Fixed Ratio Reinforcement
  3. Fixed Interval Reinforcement
  4. Variable Ratio Reinforcement
  5. Variable Interval Reinforcement
58
Q

An animal/human is positively reinforced every time a specific behavior occurs.

A

Continuous Reinforcement

59
Q
  • Response rate is SLOW
  • Extinction rate is FAST
A

Continuous Reinforcement

60
Q

Schedule of Reinforcement:
EX: Every time a lever is pressed a pellet is delivered, and then food delivery is shut off.

A

Continuous Reinforcement

61
Q

Behavior is reinforced only after the behavior occurs a specified number of times.

A

Fixed Ratio Reinforcement

62
Q
  • Response rate is FAST
  • Extinction rate is MEDIUM
A

Fixed Ratio Reinforcement

63
Q

Schedule of Reinforcement:
EX: One reinforcement is given after every so many correct responses

A

Fixed Ratio Reinforcement

64
Q

Schedule of Reinforcement:
EX: After every 5th response. For example, a child receives a star for every five words spelled correctly.

A

Fixed Ratio Reinforcement

65
Q

One reinforcement is given after a fixed time interval providing at least one correct response has been made

A

Fixed Interval Reinforcement

66
Q
  • Response rate is MEDIUM
  • Extinction rate is MEDIUM
A

Fixed Interval Reinforcement

67
Q

Schedule of Reinforcement:
EX: Being paid by the hour.

A

Fixed Interval Reinforcement

68
Q

Schedule of Reinforcement:
EX: Every 15 minutes (half hour, hour, etc.) a pellet is delivered (providing at least one lever press has been made) then food delivery is shut off.

A

Fixed Interval Reinforcement

69
Q

Behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable number of times.

A

Variable Ratio Reinforcement

70
Q
  • Response rate is FAST
  • Extinction rate is SLOW (very hard to extinguish because of unpredictability)
A

Variable Ratio Reinforcement

71
Q

Schedule of Reinforcement:
EX: Gambling or fishing

A

Variable Ratio Reinforcement

72
Q

Providing one correct response has been made, reinforcement is given after an unpredictable amount of time has passed

A

Variable Interval Reinforcement

73
Q
  • Response rate is FAST
  • Extinction rate is SLOW
A

Variable Interval Reinforcement

74
Q

Schedule of Reinforcement:
EX: On average every 5 minutes

A

Variable Interval Reinforcement

75
Q

Schedule of Reinforcement:
EX: A self-employed person being paid at unpredictable times.

A

Variable Interval Reinforcement

76
Q

Critique of Skinner

A
  • Ability to generate research - very high
  • Falsifiability - high
  • Organize - moderate
  • Guide to action - very high
  • Internal consistency - very high
  • Parsimonious - difficult to rate
77
Q

Concept of Humanity

A
  1. Deterministic
  2. Optimistic
  3. Causality
  4. Unconscious
  5. Uniqueness
  6. Social
78
Q

TRUE or FALSE
According to Skinner’s interviews, behavior modification is a technique used to propose positive rewards in changing behavior.

A

TRUE

79
Q

TRUE or FALSE
Token economy is a good reinforcement technique that you can use all the time as long as you please.

A

FALSE

80
Q

TRUE or FALSE
Introspection according to Skinner is good to look at but you can’t get much out of it. There should be an explanation for behavior.

A

TRUE

81
Q

TRUE or FALSE
Is it true that Skinner used the Skinner Box to study her own daughter’ behavior when they wree babies?

A

FALSE

82
Q

TRUE or FALSE
Skinner tried to train rats as funded research by the government to be used in the war.

A

FALSE - pigeons

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