M2 Week 8: Rogers Flashcards
A form of psychotherapy that has generated an enormous amount of research and is widely used today in counseling situations
Person- centered therapy
Who made the framework for the patient–therapist relationship?
Carl Rogers
TRUE or FALSE
Rogers did not develop his theory from experimental research conducted in laboratories, but rather from his experiences working with patients, or clients as he preferred to call them.
TRUE
It is rooted in _______, which Rogers made the framework for the patient–therapist relationship.
humanistic psychology
Rogers’ concept of humanity remained unchanged from early _______ until his death in 1987.
1940s
TRUE or FALSE
Rogers’ therapy and theory underwent several changes in name
TRUE
His parents promoted their influence in subtle and loving ways, as _________ later did in his non-directive approach to counseling.
Rogers
TRUE or FALSE
Rogers spent the years 1945 to 1957 at the University of Chicago, teaching and developing the Counseling Center.
TRUE
In 1964, Rogers became a resident fellow at the ________ in California, working to apply his person-centered philosophy to international problems such as the reduction of tension between Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland, and Jews and Arabs in the Middle East.
Western Behavioral Sciences Institute
Rogers served as president of the American Psychological Association in ______ and received that organization’s Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award and Distinguished Professional Contribution Award.
1946
ROGERS’ TWO BROAD ASSUMPTIONS
- FORMATIVE TENDENCY
- ACTUALIZING TENDENCY
tendency for all matter to evolve from simpler to more complex forms.
FORMATIVE TENDENCY
Creative process is in operation in our universe rather than disintegrative.
FORMATIVE TENDENCY
tendency within all humans (and other animals and plants) to move toward completion or fulfillment of potentials.
ACTUALIZING TENDENCY
it is the only motive people possess.
ACTUALIZING TENDENCY
Conditions of Actualizing Tendency (necessary and sufficient)
- Congruent or Authentic
- Empathy
- Unconditional Positive Regard
Only _____ have a concept of self and a potential for self-actualizing tendency
humans
According to Rogers, it is the tendency to actualize the self as perceived in awareness.
SELF -ACTUALIZAT ION
TWO SELF SUB-SYSTEM
- SELF-CONCEPT
- IDEAL SELF
includes all those aspects of one’s being and one’s experiences that are perceived in awareness (though not always accurately) by the individual.
SELF-CONCEPT
experiences that are inconsistent with their self-concept usually are either denied or accepted only in distorted forms.
SELF-CONCEPT
It may be changed although difficult. Change happen if there is acceptance by others that reduce anxiety and threat and taking ownership of previously rejected experiences.
SELF-CONCEPT
one’s view of self as one wishes to be.
IDEAL SELF
contains all those attributes, usually positive that people aspire to possess.
IDEAL SELF
a wide gap between the ideal self and the self-concept
INCONGRUENCE
Unhealthy personality
INCONGRUENCE
the symbolic representation of some portion of our experience.
Awareness
LEVELS OF AWARENESS
- IGNORED OR DENIED EXPERIENCE
- ACCURATE SYMBOLISM
- DISTORTED FORM
difficulty accepting genuine compliments and
positive feedback, even when deserved.
DENIAL OF POSITIVE EXPERIENCES
distorted because the person distrusts the giver, or they may be denied because the recipient does not feel deserving of them. Compliment carries an implied threat possibility of criticism or condemnation.
DENIAL OF POSITIVE EXPERIENCES
PROCESS OF BECOMING A PERSON
- Make contact (positive or negative) with another person.
- Experience POSITIVE REGARD (need to be loved, liked or accepted by another person)
- Develop POSITIVE SELF-REGARD - the experience of prizing or valuing one’s self.
* receiving positive regard from others is necessary for positive self-regard, once it is established, it becomes independent of the continual need to be loved.
psychological disequilibrium begins when we fail
to recognize our organismic experience into awareness because they are inconsistent with our self-concept
INCONGRUENCE
This is the source of psychological disorders.
INCONGRUENCE
unaware of the discrepancy making
VULNERABILITY
may represent steps toward psychological health, they signal inconsistencies.
ANXIETY AND THREAT
BARRIERS TO PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH
- CONDITIONS OF WORTH
- INCONGRUENCE
- DEFENSIVENESS
- DISORGANIZATION
people perceive that they are loved and accepted only if they meet people’s expectations and approval.
It arises if the positive regard of a significant other is conditional.
CONDITIONS OF WORTH
our perceptions of other people’s view of us. This prevents us from being completely open to our own experiences.
EXTERNAL EVALUATIONS
the protection of the self-concept against anxiety and threat by the denial or distortion of experiences inconsistent with it.
DEFENSIVENESS
we misinterpret an experience in order to fit it into some aspect of our self-concept. We perceive the experience in awareness but we fail to understand its true meaning.
DISTORTION
we refuse to perceive an experience in awareness or at least we keep some aspect of it from reaching symbolization.
DENIAL
if defenses fail and behavior becomes disorganized or psychotic.
DISORGANIZATION
People are vulnerable to ______ during therapy, especially if a therapist accurately interprets their actions and also insists that they face the experience prematurely.
DISORGANIZATION
Rogers is uncomfortable with _________ words, preferred to speak of __________ behaviors that conveys psychological maladjustment
NEUROTIC and PSYCHOTIC ; DEFENSIVE and DISORGANIZED
patients must come into contact with a therapist who is congruent and whom they perceive as providing an atmosphere of unconditional acceptance and accurate empathy.
PSYCHOTHERAPY
CONDITIONS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY
(necessary and sufficient)
- Therapist must be congruent, possesses empathy and unconditional positive regard for the client.
- Client must perceive these characteristics in the therapist.
- Contact between client and therapist must be of some duration.
among the three is more basic. It is a general quality possessed by the therapist, the other two conditions are specific feelings or attitudes that the therapist has for an individual client.
CONGRUENCE
to be congruent means to be:
- real and genuine
- whole or integrated.
__________ involves feelings, awareness and expression.
CONGRUENCE
therapist experience warm, positive and accepting attitude toward what is the client.
UNCONDITIONAL POSITVE REGARD
does not evaluate client nor do they accept one action and reject another.
UNCONDITIONAL POSITVE REGARD
there is a close relationship and that the therapist sees the client as an important person.
Regard
indicates that the direction of the relationship is toward warm and caring feelings
Positive
suggests that the positive regard is no longer dependent on specific client behaviors and does not have to be continually earned.
Unconditional
__________ exist when therapists accurately sense the feelings of their clients and are able to communicate these perceptions so that clients know that another person has entered their world of feelings without prejudice, projection or evaluation.
empathy
“temporarily living in the other’s life, moving about in it delicately without making judgments”
EMPATHIC LISTENING
therapist check the accuracy of their sensing by trying them out on the client.
EMPATHIC LISTENING
________ enables clients to listen to themselves and in effect become their own therapists.
empathy
feeling with the client not for the client
EMPATHIC LISTENING
uses both emotion and cognitive.
EMPATHIC LISTENING
therapist does not take ownership of the client’s experiences.
EMPATHIC LISTENING
Critique of Rogers
- GENERATE RESEARCH - moderate
- FALSIFIABILITY - high
- GUIDE FOR PRACTICAL PROBLEMS - high
- ORGANIZE KNOWLEDGE - high
- INTERNAL CONSISTENCY - high
- PARSIMONY - moderate
Roger’s Concept of Humanity
- FREE CHOICE - people can be self-directed.
- OPTIMISTIC - people can move forward to growth and self-actualization
- TELEOLOGY - people strive toward goals that they freely set for themselves.
- UNIQUENESS - people grow in their own fashion to a more full functioning.
- SOCIAL - psychological growth is not automatic.
- CONSCIOUS - emphasized awareness.
