M2 Week 8: Maslow Flashcards
The oldest of seven children, born in 1908 in Brooklyn, New York.
Maslow
TRUE or FALSE
Maslow’s childhood was not pleasant. Isolated and
unhappy. He grew up without close friends or loving parents.
TRUE
Maslow’s teenage years is marked by _______
inferiority complex
Maslow married his cousin _______. They were married when he was 20 and she was 19.
Bertha
At Wisconsin, Maslow found the behavioral psychology of _______
John B. Watson
A leader of the revolution to make psychology a science of behavior.
John B. Watson
TRUE or FALSE
Maslow believed that behaviorism could solve all the world’s problems
TRUE
Maslow’s training in experimental psychology included work on _______ and _______ in primates
dominance ; sexual behavior
Maslow had the opportunity to meet the wave of __________ fleeing Nazi Germany, including Karen Horney and Alfred Adler.
emigrant intellectuals
He also met the Gestalt psychologist ________ and the American anthropologist _______.
Max Wertheimer ; Ruth Benedict
Maslow’s admiration for _________ later kindled his ideas about self-actualization.
Wertheimer and Benedict
Becoming Famous From 1951 to 1969, Maslow taught at __________ in Massachusetts.
Brandeis University
Maslow became an immensely popular figure in psychology and among the general public. He received many awards and honors and was elected president of the American Psychological Association in _______
1967
At the peak of his fame, Maslow developed a variety of ailments including:
- stomach
- disorders
- insomnia
- depression
- heart disease
In the face of these growing physical limitations, Maslow pushed himself to work even harder to accomplish his goal of _______ psychology.
humanizing
Maslow died in 1970 of a _______ while jogging around his swimming pool.
massive heart attack
Hierarchy of Needs
- physiological
- safety
- belongingness and love
- esteem
5.self-actualization
In ____, Maslow developed the hierarchy of five innate human needs
1968
A hereditary component. We come equipped with these needs at birth and the behavior we use to satisfy them are learned, at such, it is subject from one person to another.
INSTINCTOID
Arranged in order from strongest at the bottom to the weakest at the innate needs in his top.
Hierarchy of Needs
TRUE or FALSE
Hierarchy of Needs:
Lower needs must be at least partially satisfied before higher needs become influenced.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE
Hierarchy of Needs:
We are not driven by all the needs at the same time.
TRUE
Hierarchy of Needs:
How many need will dominate our personality at any one point in time?
ONE
TRUE or FALSE
Hierarchy of Needs:
The order of the needs can be changed.
TRUE
If an economic recession causes some people to lose their jobs, then the safety and physiological needs may reassume priority. Being able to pay the mortgage becomes more prized than popularity with col- leagues or an award from a civic organization.
Gratification of the higher needs can be _________
postponed
Failure to satisfy a _______ need does not produce a crisis.
higher
Failure to satisfy a ______ need does produce a crisis.
lower
Maslow called lower needs ________
DEFICIT or DEFICIENTCY NEEDS
Failure to satisfy the needs produces a _____ or lack in the individual.
deficit
TRUE or FALSE
Hierarchy of Needs:
Although higher needs are less necessary for survival, they can contribute to our personal growth.
TRUE
Satisfaction of higher needs leads to improved:
- health
- happiness
- contentment
- fulfillment
- longevity
Maslow called higher needs _______
GROWTH or BEING NEEDS.
TRUE or FALSE
Maslow proposed a declining percentage of satisfaction for each need.
TRUE
a psychologist who studied positive human qualities and the lives of exemplary people.
Abraham Harold
In 1954, Maslow created the Hierarchy of Human Needs and expressed his theories in his book, __________.
Motivation and Personality
A person’s motivation to reach his or her full potential.
Self-Actualization
TRUE or FALSE
In Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, a person’s basic needs must be met before self-actualization can be achieved.
TRUE
BREATHING, FOOD, WATER, SEX, SLEEP.
HOMEOSTASIS, EXCRETION
PHYSIOLOGICAL
SECURITY OF BODY, OF EMPLOYMENT, OF RESOURCES, OF MORALITY, OF THE FAMILY, OF HEALTH, OF
SAFETY
FRIENDSHIP, FAMILY, SEXUAL INTIMACY
LOVE /BELONGING
SELF-ESTEEM, CONFIDENCE, ACHIEVEMENT, RESPECT OF OTHERS, RESPECT BY OTHERS
ESTEEM
MORALITY, CREATIVITY, SPONTANEITY, PROBLEM SOLVING, LACK OF PREJUDICE, ACCEPTANCE OF FACTS
SELF-ACTUALIZATION
The highest need in Maslow’s hierarchy
SELF-ACTUALIZATION
involves the maximum realization and fulfillment of our potentials, talents, and abilities.
SELF-ACTUALIZATION
It is not limited to creative and intellectual superstars such as musicians, artists, and writers. What is important is to fulfill one’s own potentials, whatever they are, at the highest level possible.
SELF-ACTUALIZATION
CONDITIONS FOR ACHIEVING SELF-ACTUALIZATION
- free of constraints imposed by society and by ourselves
- not be distracted by the lower-order needs
- secure in our self-image and in our relationships with other people, and we must be able to love and be loved in return
- have a realistic knowledge of our strengths and weaknesses, virtues and vices
non-traditional self-actualization (exceptions)
- Fasting until death for beliefs, denying physiological and safety needs.
- Religious figures often live in poverty for self-actualization.
- Artists prioritize health and security for work.
- People prioritize esteem over love, believing self-confidence is key to belongingness and love needs.
Innate need to know and understand
Cognitive Needs
The need to know is stronger than the need to understand and must be at least partially satisfied before the need to understand can emerge.
Cognitive Needs
Overlaps the original five-need hierarchy.
Cognitive Needs
TRUE or FALSE
It is impossible to become self-actualizing if we fail to meet the needs to know and to understand.
TRUE
The needs to know and to under-stand appear in _______ and ______ and are expressed by children as a natural curiosity.
late infancy and early childhood
TRUE or FALSE
Failure to satisfy the cognitive needs is harmful and hampers the full development and functioning of the personality.
TRUE
Maslow proposed a distinct type of motivation for __________
self-actualizers
The prefix meta- means
after or beyond
It indicates that it goes beyond psychology’s traditional idea of motivation.
Metamotivation,
implies a condition in which motivation, as we know it, plays no role.
Metamotivation,
_________ are not motivated to strive for a particular goal. Instead, they are said to be developing from within.
Self-actualizers
Maslow described the motivation of people who are not self-actualizers as a condition of __________
D-motivation or Deficiency
striving for something specific to make up for something that is lacking within us.
D-motivation
Stages of growth or being toward such as goodness, uniqueness, and perfection.
METANEEDS
A thwarting of self- development related to failure to satisfy metaneeds.
METAPATHOLOGY
Prevents self-actualizers from expressing, using, and fulfilling their potential.
METAPATHOLOGY
They may come to feel helpless and depressed, unable to pinpoint a source for these feelings or identify a goal that might alleviate the distress.
METAPATHOLOGY
applies not only to physiological needs but also to safety, belongingness and love, and esteem needs.
D-motivation
self-actualizers are concerned with _________ and with knowing and understanding their environment.
FULFILLING POTENTIAL
In their state of meta- motivation, they are not seeking to reduce tension, satisfy a deficiency, or strive for a specific object.
FULFILLING POTENTIAL
Their goal is to enrich their lives by acting to increase tension so as to experience a variety of stimulating and challenging events.
FULFILLING POTENTIAL
Their lower-order deficiency needs have been met,
FULFILLING POTENTIAL
Self-actualizers function at a level beyond striving for specific goal objects to satisfy a deficit.
FULFILLING POTENTIAL
They are in a state of “being,” spontaneously, naturally, and joyfully expressing their full humanity.
FULFILLING POTENTIAL
Characteristics of Self-Actualizers
- An efficient perception of reality
- An acceptance of themselves, others, and nature
- A spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness
- A focus on problems outside themselves
- A sense of detachment and the need for privacy
- A freshness of appreciation
- Mystical or peak experiences
- Social interest
- Profound interpersonal relations
- Creativeness
- Resistance to enculturation
Self-actualizers perceive their world, including other people, clearly and objectively, unbiased by prejudgments or preconceptions.
An efficient perception of reality
Self-actualizers accept their strengths and weaknesses
An acceptance of themselves, others, and nature
The behavior of self-actualizers is open, direct, and natural.
A spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness
Self-actualizers have a sense of mission, a commitment, to which they devote their energy.
A focus on problems outside themselves
Self-actualizers can experience isolation without harmful effects and seem to need solitude more than persons who are not self-actualizing
A sense of detachment and the need for privacy
Self-actualizers have the ability to perceive and experience the world around them with freshness, wonder, and awe.
A freshness of appreciation
Self-actualizers know moments of intense ecstasy, not unlike deep religious experiences, that can occur with virtually any activity.
Mystical or peak experiences
Maslow adopted Alfred Adler’s concept of social interest to indicate the sympathy and empathy self-actualizing persons have for all humanity.
Social interest
Although their circle of friends is not large, self- actualizers have deep, lasting friendships.
Profound interpersonal relations
Self-actualizing people are highly creative and exhibit inventiveness and originality in their work and other facets of their lives.
Creativeness
Self-actualizers are autonomous, independent, and self- sufficient.
Resistance to enculturation
The Importance of Childhood in Self-Actualization
- Inadequate education and improper child-rearing can hinder adult self-actualization.
- Sex-role training for boys inhibits tenderness and sentimentality, hindering their development.
- Overprotection can inhibit children’s ability to express themselves in self-actualization activities.
- Excessive parental permissiveness can lead to anxiety and insecurity.
- A balance of permissiveness and regulation is ideal.
- Sufficient love in childhood is crucial for self-actualization and physiological and safety needs.
- Children’s early years of security and confidence are crucial for adulthood.
A moment of intense ecstasy, similar to a religious or mystical experience, during which the self is transcended
PEAK EXPERIENCE
This idea is based on the biblical tale of Jonah, described fear as “called by God to prophesy, but was afraid of the task.
JONAH COMPLEX
The _______ refers to our doubts about our own abilities.
Jonah complex
afraid and thrilled by the possibilities but too often the fear takes precedence.
Jonah complex
clients to embrace the Being
values (B values)
AIM
everyone has an inherent
tendency to move toward a better, more enriching condition – self-actualization
BELIEF
people operating on physiological and safety needs will not ordinarily be motivated to seek psychotherapy, they will strive to obtain nourishment and protection.
GOAL
Through a warm, loving, interpersonal relationship with the therapist, the client gains satisfaction of love and belongingness needs and acquires feelings of confidence and self-worth.
PSYCHOTHERAPY
A healthy interpersonal relationship between client and therapist is therefore the best psychological medicine.
PSYCHOTHERAPY
A self-report questionnaire consisting of 150 pairs of statements, was developed by psychologist ________ (1964, 1974) to measure self-actualization.
Everett Shostrom
People taking the test must indicate which of each pair is more applicable to them.
Personal Orientation Inventory (POI)
It is scored for 2 major scales and 10 subscales. The major scales are time competence, which measures the degree to which we live in the present, and inner directedness, which assesses how much we depend on ourselves rather than on others for judgments and values.
Personal Orientation Inventory (POI)
MASLOW’S CONCEPTS OF HUMANITY
- HUMANISTIC AND OPTIMISTIC
- FREE WILL
- BIOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL
- UNIQUENESS
focused on psychological health, growth, virtues and potentials rather than illness, stagnation, weaknesses and limitations.
HUMANISTIC AND OPTIMISTIC
He had strong sense of confidence in our ability to shape our lives and our society
HUMANISTIC AND OPTIMISTIC
we are free to choose how best to satisfy our needs and to actualize our potential.
FREE WILL
We are responsible for the level of personality development we reach or fail to reach
FREE WILL
Needs are innate but the behaviors in which we satisfy them are learned.
BIOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL
There is an interaction of heredity and environment of personal and situational variables.
BIOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL
Our motivation are universal but the ways in which the needs are satisfied will vary from one person to another because these ways of behaving are learned.
UNIQUENESS
TRUE or FALSE
Maslow recognized the importance of early childhood experiences (CAUSALITY) in fostering or inhibiting adult development, but he did not believe that we are victims of these experiences.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE
Maslow did not use case studies or the experimental or correlational methods in his research. He believed that self-actualization could not be studied by accepted scientific procedures.
TRUE
role of positive experiences in people’s lives Extrinsic and Intrinsic development by Bauer and McAdams
Positive Psychology
MASLOW’S CRITICISMS
- generate research - above average. Self-
actualization remains popular topic in research. - falsifiability - low. people refuse to take
any test that might assess self-actualization. - internal consistency - high. follows logical progression
- organization - high. consistent with
common sense - guide to the practitioners - high. highly useful
- parsimonious - moderate. far more complex
model.
TRUE or FALSE
the original five-stage model are highlighted and include a seven-stage model and an eight-stage model; both developed during the 1960s and 1970s.
TRUE
The expanded hierarchy of needs
- Biological and physiological needs
- Safety needs
- Love and belongingness needs
- Esteem needs
- Cognitive needs
- Aesthetic needs
- Self-actualization needs
- Transcendence needs
air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc.
Biological and physiological needs
protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, freedom from fear.
Safety needs
friendship, intimacy, trust, and acceptance, receiving and giving affection and love. Affiliating, being part of a group (family, friends, work).
Love and belongingness needs
Maslow classified into two categories:
- esteem for oneself
- the need to be accepted and valued by others
dignity, achievement, mastery, independence
esteem for oneself
e.g., status, prestige
the need to be accepted and valued by others
Maslow classified into two categories: (i) esteem for oneself (dignity, achievement, mastery, independence) and (ii) the need to be accepted and valued by others (e.g., status, prestige).
Esteem needs
knowledge and understanding, curiosity, exploration, need for meaning and predictability.
Cognitive needs
appreciation and search for beauty, balance, form, etc.
Aesthetic needs
realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences. A desire “to become everything one is capable of becoming”
Self-actualization needs
A person is motivated by values which transcend beyond the personal self (e.g., mystical experiences and certain experiences with nature, aesthetic experiences, sexual experiences, service to others, the pursuit of science, religious faith, etc.).
Transcendence needs
The most basic needs of any person are
physiological needs
One obstacle that blocks people’s growth toward self-actualization is the fear of being one’s best, representing a fear of success, a fear of being one’s best, and a feeling of awesomeness int he presence of beauty and perfection is called
Jonah Complex
