M3 Week 11: The Big Five

Question 1

The study of traits started with _________ and was continued by _______ and others.

Answer 1

Allport and Odbert ; Cattell

Question 2

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, ___________ were building elaborate taxonomies of personality traits using factor analytic techniques to examine the stability and structure of personality.

Answer 2

Costa and McCrae

Question 3

Costa and McCrae focused initially on the two main dimensions: _________.

Answer 3

Neuroticism and Extraversion

Question 4

After Costa and McCrae discovered N and E they found the 3rd factor ________ to experience.

Answer 4

Openness

Question 5

________ first used the term Big Five in 1981 to describe the consistent findings of factor analysis of personality traits, Costa and McCrae continued their work on the three factors.

Answer 5

Lewis Goldberg

Question 6

The ________ was a revision of an earlier unpublished personality inventory the measured 3 dimensions N, E, and O.

Answer 6

NEO-PI

Question 7

In 1985, the last two dimensions ________ and ________ were developed and released the Revised NEO-PI appeared in 1992.

Answer 7

Agreeableness ; Conscientiousness

Question 8

Since the late 1980s and early 1990s, most personality psychologists have opted for the _______. They have been found across a variety of cultures using a plethora of languages.

Answer 8

Five-Factor Model

Question 9

TRUE or FALSE
The five factors show some permanence with age.

Answer 9

TRUE

Question 10

TRUE or FALSE
Costa and McCrae became confident that they and other researchers had found a stable structure of personality.

Answer 10

TRUE

For explanation, scientists need theory and that was the next project for McCrae and Costa

Question 11

TRUE or FALSE
A new theory should be able to incorporate the change and growth of the field that has occurred over the last 25 years as well as be grounded in the current empirical principles that have emerged from research.

Answer 11

TRUE

Question 12

They now turn the Five-Factor Model (taxonomy) into a ___________

Answer 12

Five-Factor Theory (FFT)

Question 13

behavior is predicted by an understanding of three central or core components and three peripheral ones.

Answer 13

Five-Factor Theory (FFT)

Question 14

the 3 central components of the Five-Factor Theory (FFT)

Answer 14

1. basic tendencies
2. characteristic adaptations
3. self-concept.

Question 15

3 Core Components of Personality

Answer 15

1. BASIC TENDENCIES
2. CHARACTERISTIC ADAPTATIONS
3. SELF-CONCEPT

Question 16

the ___________ can be interpreted either cross-sectionally (how the system operates at any given point in time) or longitudinally (how we develop over the lifetime.)

Answer 16

personality system

Question 17

TRUE or FALSE
each influence is dynamic and changes over time.

Answer 17

TRUE

Question 18

the universal raw material of personality capacities and dispositions that are generally inferred rather than observed.

Answer 18

BASIC TENDENCIES

Question 19

may be inherited, imprinted by early experience, or modified by disease or psychological intervention but at any given period in an individual’s life, they define the individual’s potential and direction.

Answer 19

BASIC TENDENCIES

Question 20

includes cognitive abilities, artistic talent, sexual orientation, and the psychological processes underlying the acquisition of language.

Answer 20

BASIC TENDENCIES

Question 21

acquired personality structures that develop as people adapt to their environment.

Answer 21

CHARACTERISTIC ADAPTATIONS

Question 22

influenced by external influences such as acquired skills, habits, attitudes, and relationships that result from the interaction of individuals with their environment.

Answer 22

CHARACTERISTIC ADAPTATIONS

Question 23

all acquired and specific skills

Answer 23

CHARACTERISTIC ADAPTATIONS

Question 24

subject to change over a person’s lifetime

Answer 24

CHARACTERISTIC ADAPTATIONS

Question 25

differs from culture to culture

Answer 25

CHARACTERISTIC ADAPTATIONS

Question 26

it is a characteristic adaptation

Answer 26

SELF-CONCEPT

Question 27

it consists of knowledge, views, and evaluations of the self, ranging from miscellaneous facts of personal history to the identity that gives a sense of purpose and coherence to life.

Answer 27

SELF-CONCEPT

Question 28

includes personal myths as part of a person's self-concept.

Answer 28

SELF-CONCEPT

Question 29

3 Peripheral Components of Personality

Answer 29

1. BIOLOGICAL BASES 2. OBJECTIVE BIOGRAPHY 3. EXTERNAL INFLUENCE

Question 30

the principal biological mechanisms that influence basic tendencies are genes, hormones, and brain structures.

Answer 30

BIOLOGICAL BASES

Question 31

this does not suggest that the environment has no part in personality formation--merely that it has no direct influence on basic tendencies.

Answer 31

BIOLOGICAL BASES

Question 32

everything the person does, thinks, or feels across the whole lifespan.

Answer 32

OBJECTIVE BIOGRAPHY

Question 33

emphasize what has happened in people's lives (objective) rather than their views or perceptions of their experiences (subjective).

Answer 33

OBJECTIVE BIOGRAPHY

Question 34

Every behavior or response becomes part of the cumulative record.

Answer 34

OBJECTIVE BIOGRAPHY

Question 35

our response to the opportunities and demands of the context.

Answer 35

EXTERNAL INFLUENCE

Question 36

Responses are functions of (1) characteristic adaptation and (2) interaction with external influence

Answer 36

EXTERNAL INFLUENCE

Question 37

behavior is a function of the interaction between characteristic adaptations and external influences.

Answer 37

EXTERNAL INFLUENCE

Question 38

4 Postulates of Basic Tendencies

Answer 38

1. INDIVIDUALITY POSTULATE 2. ORIGIN POSTULATE 3. DEVELOPMENT POSTULATE 4. STRUCTURE POTULATE

Question 39

stipulates that adults have a unique set of traits and that each person exhibits a unique combination of trait patterns.

Answer 39

INDIVIDUALITY POSTULATE

Question 40

The precise amount of neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness is unique to all of us, and much of our uniqueness results from variability in our genotype.

Answer 40

INDIVIDUALITY POSTULATE

Question 41

All personality traits are the result solely of endogenous (internal) forces such as genetics, hormones, and brain structures. The family environment plays no role in creating basic tendencies.

Answer 41

ORIGIN POSTULATE

Question 42

assumes that traits develop and change through childhood but in adolescence their development slows and by early to mid-adulthood (roughly age 30) change in personality nearly stops altogether.

Answer 42

DEVELOPMENT POSTULATE

Question 43

states that traits are organized hierarchically from narrow and specific to broad and general.

Answer 43

STRUCTURE POSTULATE

Question 44

TRUE or FALSE Postulates for Characteristic Adaptations: Over time, people adapt to their environment by acquiring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are consistent with their personality traits and earlier adaptations.

Answer 44

TRUE

Question 45

TRUE or FALSE Postulates for Characteristic Adaptations: Traits affect the way we adapt to the changes in our environment.

Answer 45

TRUE

Question 46

Postulates for Characteristic Adaptations: _________ suggests that our responses are not always consistent with personal goals or cultural values.

Answer 46

Maladjustment

Question 47

Postulates for Characteristic Adaptations: Characteristic adaptations sometimes become so rigid or compulsive that they become __________.

Answer 47

maladaptive

Question 48

TRUE or FALSE Postulates for Characteristic Adaptations: The basic traits may change over time in response to biological maturation, and changes in the environment. Although basic tendencies may be rather stable over the lifetime, characteristic adaptations are not.

Answer 48

TRUE

Question 49

CRITIQUE

Answer 49

* GENERATE RESEARCH - very high * FALSIFIABLE - high * ORGANIZE KNOWLEDGE - high * GUIDE THE ACTIONS OF PRACTITIONERS - mixed reviews * INTERNAL CONSISTENT - mixed reviews * PARSIMONY - very high

Question 50

CONCEPT OF HUMANITY

Answer 50

1. Does not concern with the traditional themes. 2. They see humans as being different from other animals. Only humans have the ability to report data about themselves thus have CONSCIUOUSNESS. 3. Plays heavily on genetic factors of personality. 4. Factor analysis rests on the premise of differences among individuals and thus variability in their scores