M3 Week 11: The Big Five Flashcards
The study of traits started with _________ and was continued by _______ and others.
Allport and Odbert ; Cattell
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, ___________ were building elaborate taxonomies of personality traits using factor analytic techniques to examine the stability and structure of personality.
Costa and McCrae
Costa and McCrae focused initially on the two main dimensions: _________.
Neuroticism and Extraversion
After Costa and McCrae discovered N and E they found the 3rd factor ________ to experience.
Openness
________ first used the term Big Five in 1981 to describe the consistent findings of factor analysis of personality traits, Costa and McCrae continued their work on the three factors.
Lewis Goldberg
The ________ was a revision of an earlier unpublished personality inventory the measured 3 dimensions N, E, and O.
NEO-PI
In 1985, the last two dimensions ________ and ________ were developed and released the Revised NEO-PI appeared in 1992.
Agreeableness ; Conscientiousness
Since the late 1980s and early 1990s, most personality psychologists have opted for the _______. They have been found across a variety of cultures using a plethora of languages.
Five-Factor Model
TRUE or FALSE
The five factors show some permanence with age.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE
Costa and McCrae became confident that they and other researchers had found a stable structure of personality.
TRUE
For explanation, scientists need theory and that was the next project for McCrae and Costa
TRUE or FALSE
A new theory should be able to incorporate the change and growth of the field that has occurred over the last 25 years as well as be grounded in the current empirical principles that have emerged from research.
TRUE
They now turn the Five-Factor Model (taxonomy) into a ___________
Five-Factor Theory (FFT)
behavior is predicted by an understanding of three central or core components and three peripheral ones.
Five-Factor Theory (FFT)
the 3 central components of the Five-Factor Theory (FFT)
- basic tendencies
- characteristic adaptations
- self-concept.
3 Core Components of Personality
- BASIC TENDENCIES
- CHARACTERISTIC ADAPTATIONS
- SELF-CONCEPT
the ___________ can be interpreted either cross-sectionally (how the system operates at any given point in time) or longitudinally (how we develop over the lifetime.)
personality system
TRUE or FALSE
each influence is dynamic and changes over time.
TRUE
the universal raw material of personality capacities and dispositions that are generally inferred rather than observed.
BASIC TENDENCIES
may be inherited, imprinted by early experience, or modified by disease or psychological intervention but at any given period in an individual’s life, they define the individual’s potential and direction.
BASIC TENDENCIES
includes cognitive abilities, artistic talent, sexual orientation, and the psychological processes underlying the acquisition of language.
BASIC TENDENCIES
acquired personality structures that develop as people adapt to their environment.
CHARACTERISTIC ADAPTATIONS
influenced by external influences such as acquired skills, habits, attitudes, and relationships that result from the interaction of individuals with their environment.
CHARACTERISTIC ADAPTATIONS
all acquired and specific skills
CHARACTERISTIC ADAPTATIONS
subject to change over a person’s lifetime
CHARACTERISTIC ADAPTATIONS
differs from culture to culture
CHARACTERISTIC ADAPTATIONS
it is a characteristic adaptation
SELF-CONCEPT
it consists of knowledge, views, and evaluations of the self, ranging from miscellaneous facts of personal history to the identity that gives a sense of purpose and coherence to life.
SELF-CONCEPT
includes personal myths as part of a person’s self-concept.
SELF-CONCEPT
3 Peripheral Components of Personality
- BIOLOGICAL BASES
- OBJECTIVE BIOGRAPHY
- EXTERNAL INFLUENCE
the principal biological mechanisms that influence basic tendencies are genes, hormones, and brain structures.
BIOLOGICAL BASES
this does not suggest that the environment has no part in personality formation–merely that it has no direct influence on basic tendencies.
BIOLOGICAL BASES
everything the person does, thinks, or feels across the whole lifespan.
OBJECTIVE BIOGRAPHY
emphasize what has happened in people’s lives (objective) rather than their views or perceptions of their experiences (subjective).
OBJECTIVE BIOGRAPHY
Every behavior or response becomes part of the cumulative record.
OBJECTIVE BIOGRAPHY
our response to the opportunities and demands of the context.
EXTERNAL INFLUENCE
Responses are functions of (1) characteristic adaptation and (2) interaction with external influence
EXTERNAL INFLUENCE
behavior is a function of the interaction between characteristic adaptations and external influences.
EXTERNAL INFLUENCE
4 Postulates of Basic Tendencies
- INDIVIDUALITY POSTULATE
- ORIGIN POSTULATE
- DEVELOPMENT POSTULATE
- STRUCTURE POTULATE
stipulates that adults have a unique set of traits and that each person exhibits a unique combination of trait patterns.
INDIVIDUALITY POSTULATE
The precise amount of neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness is unique to all of us, and much of our uniqueness results from variability in our genotype.
INDIVIDUALITY POSTULATE
All personality traits are the result solely of endogenous (internal) forces such as genetics, hormones, and brain structures. The family environment plays no role in creating basic tendencies.
ORIGIN POSTULATE
assumes that traits develop and change through childhood but in adolescence their development slows and by early to mid-adulthood (roughly age 30) change in personality nearly stops altogether.
DEVELOPMENT POSTULATE
states that traits are organized hierarchically from narrow and specific to broad and general.
STRUCTURE POSTULATE
TRUE or FALSE
Postulates for Characteristic Adaptations:
Over time, people adapt to their environment by acquiring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are consistent with their personality traits and earlier adaptations.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE
Postulates for Characteristic Adaptations:
Traits affect the way we adapt to the changes in our environment.
TRUE
Postulates for Characteristic Adaptations:
_________ suggests that our responses are not always consistent with personal goals or cultural values.
Maladjustment
Postulates for Characteristic Adaptations:
Characteristic adaptations sometimes become so rigid or compulsive that they become __________.
maladaptive
TRUE or FALSE
Postulates for Characteristic Adaptations:
The basic traits may change over time in response to biological maturation, and changes in the environment. Although basic tendencies may be rather stable over the lifetime, characteristic adaptations are not.
TRUE
CRITIQUE
- GENERATE RESEARCH - very high
- FALSIFIABLE - high
- ORGANIZE KNOWLEDGE - high
- GUIDE THE ACTIONS OF PRACTITIONERS - mixed reviews
- INTERNAL CONSISTENT - mixed reviews
- PARSIMONY - very high
CONCEPT OF HUMANITY
- Does not concern with the traditional themes.
- They see humans as being different from other animals. Only humans have the ability to report data about themselves thus have CONSCIUOUSNESS.
- Plays heavily on genetic factors of personality.
- Factor analysis rests on the premise of differences among individuals and thus variability in their scores
