M3: The Parathyroid Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Four small, pea-sized glands typically situated on the posterior surface of the thyroid

A

Parathyroid glands

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2
Q

Main function of the parathyroid glands

A

Regulation of calcium and phosphate levels through the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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3
Q

FUNCTIONS OF PARATHYROID GLANDS:

PTH stimulates the release of calcium from bones into the bloodstream.

A

Increasing calcium levels in the blood

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4
Q

FUNCTIONS OF PARATHYROID GLANDS:

It increases calcium absorption from the intestines by activating vitamin D.

A

Enhancing calcium absorption

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5
Q

FUNCTIONS OF PARATHYROID GLANDS:

PTH reduces the loss of calcium in the urine by stimulating the kidneys to reabsorb calcium.

A

Reducing calcium loss

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6
Q

Why is it important that parathyroid glands help calcium levels remain stable?

A

For proper functioning of muscles, nerves, and bones

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7
Q

Increased calcium levels in the blood (hypercalcemia) may lead to:
- Bone pain or fractures
- Kidney stones
- Digestive problems
- Cognitive issues
- Fatigue and muscle weakness

A

Hyperparathyroidism

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8
Q

Occurs when the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to an imbalance in the body’s calcium and phosphate levels

A

Hyperparathyroidism

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9
Q

TYPES OF HYPERPARATHYROIDISM:

Occurs when one or more of the parathyroid glands become overactive, often
due to benign tumors (adenomas).

A

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

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10
Q

TYPES OF HYPERPARATHYROIDISM:

Overproduction of PTH increases calcium levels in the blood (hypercalcemia), leading to:
- Bone loss or osteoporosis
- Kidney stones
- Fatigue, depression, and confusion
- Muscle weakness
- Increased thirst and frequent urination

A

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

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11
Q

TYPES OF HYPERPARATHYROIDISM:

Occurs as a result of another condition, usually kidney disease, which leads to low calcium levels in the blood.

A

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

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12
Q

TYPES OF HYPERPARATHYROIDISM:

The parathyroid glands compensate by producing more PTH in an attempt to increase calcium levels.

A

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

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13
Q

TYPES OF HYPERPARATHYROIDISM:

It often causes bone pain and deformities due to prolonged overproduction of PTH, as well as symptoms related to low calcium levels in the body.

A

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

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14
Q

TYPES OF HYPERPARATHYROIDISM:

This is a complication of long-standing secondary hyperparathyroidism, often seen in people with chronic kidney disease.

A

Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism

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15
Q

TYPES OF HYPERPARATHYROIDISM:

The parathyroid glands become autonomously overactive and produce excessive PTH even after the original cause (like kidney failure) is treated.

A

Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism

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16
Q

TYPES OF HYPERPARATHYROIDISM:

Similar to primary hyperparathyroidism but often more difficult to treat.

A

Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism

17
Q

Symptoms of hypoparathyroidism

A
  • Tingling lips, fingers, and toes (most common)
  • Muscle cramps (most common)
  • Muscle spasms called tetany (can affect the larynx, causing breathing difficulties)
  • Abdominal pain
  • Abnormal heart rhythm
  • Brittle nails
  • Cataracts
  • Calcium deposits in some tissues
18
Q

Occurs when the glands produce too little PTH – the blood calcium level falls, and the phosphorus level rises. The most common cause of __________________ is injury to the parathyroid glands during thyroid or neck surgery.

A

Hypoparathyroidism

19
Q

A rare condition that happens when the body doesn’t make enough of some hormones.

A

Addison’s Disease

20
Q

Primary adrenal insufficiency

A

Addison’s Disease

21
Q

Symptoms of this condition include fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, and skin darkening.

A

Addison’s Disease

22
Q

Brain condition that causes problems with movement, mental health, sleep, pain, and other health issues.

A

Parkinson’s Disease

23
Q

There is no cure, but therapy and medicine can reduce symptoms. Common symptoms include tremors, painful muscle contractions and difficulty speaking.

A

Parkinson’s Disease

24
Q

Results in high rates of disability and the need for care. Many people with this disease also develop dementia.

A

Parkinson’s Disease

25
Q

Cloudy areas that develop on the lens of the eye, causing vision changes.

26
Q

Symptoms include blurry vision, faded colors, and sensitivity to light.

27
Q

Treated with surgery to remove and replace the cloudy lens of the eye. This is also known as lens replacement surgery.