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HUMAN BIOLOGY (LEC) > M3: Endocrine System > Flashcards

M3: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

In charge of producing and releasing hormones in order for the body to function

A

Endocrine system

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2
Q

Composed of a collection of organs and tissues that communicate with cells using chemical messengers called hormones

A

Endocrine system

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3
Q

The endocrine system is mainly a group of separate structures called ___________ ___________.

A

Endocrine glands

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4
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

There are some organs and tissues that secrete hormones but are not considered glands.

A

TRUE.

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5
Q

The endocrine system is connected to the cardiovascular system by secreting hormones directly to the ___________ compared to the nervous system.

A

Bloodstream

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6
Q

___________ get to almost every cell in the body and usually takes longer to take effect than _________ (seconds to days).

A

Hormones; nerves

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7
Q

Chemically active compounds that are produced in one area of the body but have their effect on cells that they act upon (target cells)

A

Hormones

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8
Q

Cause an effect only in their specific target cells and can have many different target cells

A

Hormones

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9
Q

Are responsible for the many sequential changes of growth and maturation and is also agents of response when homeostasis is disrupted

A

Hormones

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10
Q

Other functions of hormones

A
  • Maintain fluid balance
  • Control calcium and glucose levels in the blood
  • Assist in tissue repair
  • Maintain basal metabolic rate
  • Assist in digesting food
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11
Q

Endocrine glands in the body

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary
  • Pineal Gland
  • Thyroid
  • Parathyroid
  • Thymus
  • Adrenals
  • Pancreas
  • Ovaries (in females)
  • Testicles (in males)
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12
Q

Two main classes of hormones

A

Steroid hormones and non-steroid hormones

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13
Q

Similar to cholesterol, a type of lipid; water-insoluble, lipid-soluble

A

Steroid hormones

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14
Q

Composed of amino acids; water-soluble, lipid-insoluble

A

Non-steroid hormones

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15
Q

Most receptors are located within the cytoplasm

A

Steroid hormones

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16
Q

Receptors are located on the cell membrane

A

Non-steroid hormones

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17
Q

Once bound to its specific receptors, the desired process takes up to a few minutes to many hours

A

Steroid hormones

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18
Q

Once bound to its specific receptors, the desired process immediately occurs

A

Non-steroid hormones

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19
Q

Two main classes of hormones

A

Glucocorticoid & Glucagon

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20
Q

STEROID HORMONE ACTIVITY:

The first phase of steroid hormone activity

A

The lipid-soluble hormone passes through the membrane and binds to its receptor, forming a hormone-receptor complex

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21
Q

STEROID HORMONE ACTIVITY:

The second phase of steroid hormone activity

A

The activated hormone-receptor complex initiates gene transcription

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22
Q

STEROID HORMONE ACTIVITY:

The third phase of steroid hormone activity

A

Messenger RNA leaves the nucleus and directs the formation of a new protein; this either upregulates or downregulates production of specific proteins.

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23
Q

STEROID HORMONE ACTIVITY:

The fourth phase of steroid hormone activity

A

The cell uses these new proteins, altering cell activity

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24
Q

STEROID HORMONES:

Produced by ovaries, testes, adrenal cortex

A

Androgens and estrogens

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25
**STEROID HORMONES:** Target cells include most cells of the body
Androgens and estrogens
26
**STEROID HORMONES:** Stimulate the development of secondary sexual characteristics
Androgens and estrogens
27
**STEROID HORMONES:** Produced by adrenal cortex
Mineralocorticoids
28
**STEROID HORMONES:** Target cells are found in the kidneys
Mineralocorticoids
29
**STEROID HORMONES:** Increase absorption of sodium and water by the kidneys; accelerate potassium loss
Mineralocorticoids
30
**STEROID HORMONES:** Another hormone produced by the adrenal cortex
Glucocorticoids
31
**STEROID HORMONES:** Another hormone alongside androgens and estrogens whose target cells also include most cells of the body
Glucocorticoids
32
**STEROID HORMONES:** Promote liver formation of glucose and glycogen; release amino acids from muscle; anti-inflammatory effects
Glucocorticoids
33
**STEROID HORMONES:** Produced by kidneys
Calcitrol
34
**STEROID HORMONES:** Target cells are found in the intestinal lining
Calcitrol
35
**STEROID HORMONES:** Stimulates calcium and phosphate absorption; inhibits parathyroid hormone (PTH levels)
Calcitrol
36
**NON-STEROID HORMONE ACTIVITY:** The first phase
Binding of hormone to its receptor activates attached enzymes within the cell
37
**NON-STEROID HORMONE ACTIVITY:** The second phase
cAMP from activated adenylate cyclase serves as a **second messenger** to activate protein kinases
38
**NON-STEROID HORMONE ACTIVITY:** The third phase
Activated protein kinases phosphorylate cellular proteins
39
**NON-STEROID HORMONE ACTIVITY:** The fourth phase
Millions of phosphorylated proteins cause reactions that produce physiological responses
40
**NON-STEROID HORMONES:** Produced by the adrenal medulla
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
41
**NON-STEROID HORMONES:** Target cells include most of the body
- Epinephrine and norepinephrine - Insulin
42
**NON-STEROID HORMONES:** Increase cardiac activity, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels; release stored lipids
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
43
**NON-STEROID HORMONES:** Produced by the anterior pituitary
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - Growth hormone (hGH)
44
**NON-STEROID HORMONES:** Target cells are found in the adrenal cortex
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
45
**NON-STEROID HORMONES:** Stimulate secretion of glucocorticosteroids
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
46
**NON-STEROID HORMONES:** - Produced by the pancreas - Target cells are found in the liver and adipose tissues
Glucagon
47
**NON-STEROID HORMONES:** Activate lipid reserves; elevates blood glucose
Glucagon
48
**NON-STEROID HORMONES:** - Produced by the pancreas - Promote uptake of glucose - Stimulates lipid storage
Insulin
49
**NON-STEROID HORMONES:** Promote growth, protein synthesis, lipid movement
Growth hormone (hGH)
50
**NON-STEROID HORMONES:** Cause secretion of thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine & thryoxine)
Thyroid-stimulating (TSH)
51
**NON-STEROID HORMONES:** Produced by the thyroid gland; increase energy utilization, oxygen consumption, growth, and development
Thyroxine
52
**NON-STEROID HORMONES:** - Produced by the anterior pituitary - Target cells are melanocytes - Increase melanin pigment concentration
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
53
**NON-STEROID HORMONES:** - Inhibit secretion of GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which governs the release of FSH and LH) - Produced by the pineal gland - Target cells are found in the hypothalamus
Melatonin
54
**NON-STEROID HORMONES:** - Produced by **anterior pituitary** - Target cells are **immature egg cells** of ovary; **interstitial cells** of testes - Either trigger ovulation in the ovary, or testosterone secretion in testes
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
55
**NON-STEROID HORMONES:** - Produced by **anterior pituitary** - Target cells are **immature egg cells** of the ovary; **immature sperm cells** of the testes - Either stimulate egg development and production of estrogen, or facilitate sperm development
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
56
**NON-STEROID HORMONES:** - Produced by **testes, ovaries** - Target cells are found in the anterior pituitary gland - Inhibit secretion of FSH
Inhibin
57
**NON-STEROID HORMONES:** - Produced by **hypothalamus** - Target cells are found in the uterus and mamary glands; vas deferens and prostrate glands - Trigger smooth muscle contractions during labor, milk release, or sperm release
Oxytocin
58
**NON-STEROID HORMONES:** - Produced by anterior pituitary - Target cells are found in mammary glands - Stimulate milk production
Prolactin (PRL)
59
**NON-STEROID HORMONES:** - Produced by thyroid gland - Target cells found in bone, kidneys - **Decrease calcium concentration** in body fluids
Calcitonin
60
**NON-STEROID HORMONES:** - Produced by parathyroid glands - Target cells found in bone, kidneys - **Increase calcium concentration** in body fluids
Parathyroid hormone
61
**NON-STEROID HORMONES:** - Produced by hypothalamus - Target cells found in kidneys - Cause reabsorption of water for urine production; elevation of blood pressure
Antidiuretic hormone
62
**NON-STEROID HORMONES:** - Produced by kidneys - Target cells found in red bone marrow - Stimulate production of red blood cells
Erythropoietin
63
Homeostasis is usually maintained via __________ ______________. This type of regulation applies to most hormones.
Negative feedback
64
A water-soluble hormone that prevents the secretion of growth hormone in the anterior pituitary
Somatostatin
65
Helps regulate digestive function in the abdominal cavity
Somatostatin
66
Prevents the pancreas from releasing hormones that regulate blood sugar
Somatostatin

HUMAN BIOLOGY (LEC) (18 decks)

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