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HUMAN BIOLOGY (LEC) > M3: Endocrine System > Flashcards

M3: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

In charge of producing and releasing hormones in order for the body to function

A

Endocrine system

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2
Q

Composed of a collection of organs and tissues that communicate with cells using chemical messengers called hormones

A

Endocrine system

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3
Q

The endocrine system is mainly a group of separate structures called ___________ ___________.

A

Endocrine glands

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4
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

There are some organs and tissues that secrete hormones but are not considered glands.

A

TRUE.

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5
Q

The endocrine system is connected to the cardiovascular system by secreting hormones directly to the ___________ compared to the nervous system.

A

Bloodstream

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6
Q

___________ get to almost every cell in the body and usually takes longer to take effect than _________ (seconds to days).

A

Hormones; nerves

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7
Q

Chemically active compounds that are produced in one area of the body but have their effect on cells that they act upon (target cells)

A

Hormones

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8
Q

Cause an effect only in their specific target cells and can have many different target cells

A

Hormones

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9
Q

Are responsible for the many sequential changes of growth and maturation and is also agents of response when homeostasis is disrupted

A

Hormones

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10
Q

Other functions of hormones

A
  • Maintain fluid balance
  • Control calcium and glucose levels in the blood
  • Assist in tissue repair
  • Maintain basal metabolic rate
  • Assist in digesting food
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11
Q

Endocrine glands in the body

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary
  • Pineal Gland
  • Thyroid
  • Parathyroid
  • Thymus
  • Adrenals
  • Pancreas
  • Ovaries (in females)
  • Testicles (in males)
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12
Q

Two main classes of hormones

A

Steroid hormones and non-steroid hormones

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13
Q

Similar to cholesterol, a type of lipid; water-insoluble, lipid-soluble

A

Steroid hormones

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14
Q

Composed of amino acids; water-soluble, lipid-insoluble

A

Non-steroid hormones

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15
Q

Most receptors are located within the cytoplasm

A

Steroid hormones

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16
Q

Receptors are located on the cell membrane

A

Non-steroid hormones

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17
Q

Once bound to its specific receptors, the desired process takes up to a few minutes to many hours

A

Steroid hormones

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18
Q

Once bound to its specific receptors, the desired process immediately occurs

A

Non-steroid hormones

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19
Q

Two main classes of hormones

A

Glucocorticoid & Glucagon

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20
Q

STEROID HORMONE ACTIVITY:

The first phase of steroid hormone activity

A

The lipid-soluble hormone passes through the membrane and binds to its receptor, forming a hormone-receptor complex

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21
Q

STEROID HORMONE ACTIVITY:

The second phase of steroid hormone activity

A

The activated hormone-receptor complex initiates gene transcription

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22
Q

STEROID HORMONE ACTIVITY:

The third phase of steroid hormone activity

A

Messenger RNA leaves the nucleus and directs the formation of a new protein; this either upregulates or downregulates production of specific proteins.

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23
Q

STEROID HORMONE ACTIVITY:

The fourth phase of steroid hormone activity

A

The cell uses these new proteins, altering cell activity

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24
Q

STEROID HORMONES:

Produced by ovaries, testes, adrenal cortex

A

Androgens and estrogens

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25
Q

STEROID HORMONES:

Target cells include most cells of the body

A

Androgens and estrogens

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26
Q

STEROID HORMONES:

Stimulate the development of secondary sexual characteristics

A

Androgens and estrogens

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27
Q

STEROID HORMONES:

Produced by adrenal cortex

A

Mineralocorticoids

28
Q

STEROID HORMONES:

Target cells are found in the kidneys

A

Mineralocorticoids

29
Q

STEROID HORMONES:

Increase absorption of sodium and water by the kidneys; accelerate potassium loss

A

Mineralocorticoids

30
Q

STEROID HORMONES:

Another hormone produced by the adrenal cortex

A

Glucocorticoids

31
Q

STEROID HORMONES:

Another hormone alongside androgens and estrogens whose target cells also include most cells of the body

A

Glucocorticoids

32
Q

STEROID HORMONES:

Promote liver formation of glucose and glycogen; release amino acids from muscle; anti-inflammatory effects

A

Glucocorticoids

33
Q

STEROID HORMONES:

Produced by kidneys

34
Q

STEROID HORMONES:

Target cells are found in the intestinal lining

35
Q

STEROID HORMONES:

Stimulates calcium and phosphate absorption; inhibits parathyroid hormone (PTH levels)

36
Q

NON-STEROID HORMONE ACTIVITY:

The first phase

A

Binding of hormone to its receptor activates attached enzymes within the cell

37
Q

NON-STEROID HORMONE ACTIVITY:

The second phase

A

cAMP from activated adenylate cyclase serves as a second messenger to activate protein kinases

38
Q

NON-STEROID HORMONE ACTIVITY:

The third phase

A

Activated protein kinases phosphorylate cellular proteins

39
Q

NON-STEROID HORMONE ACTIVITY:

The fourth phase

A

Millions of phosphorylated proteins cause reactions that produce physiological responses

40
Q

NON-STEROID HORMONES:

Produced by the adrenal medulla

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

41
Q

NON-STEROID HORMONES:

Target cells include most of the body

A
  • Epinephrine and norepinephrine
  • Insulin
42
Q

NON-STEROID HORMONES:

Increase cardiac activity, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels; release stored lipids

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

43
Q

NON-STEROID HORMONES:

Produced by the anterior pituitary

A
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Growth hormone (hGH)
44
Q

NON-STEROID HORMONES:

Target cells are found in the adrenal cortex

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

45
Q

NON-STEROID HORMONES:

Stimulate secretion of glucocorticosteroids

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

46
Q

NON-STEROID HORMONES:

  • Produced by the pancreas
  • Target cells are found in the liver and adipose tissues
47
Q

NON-STEROID HORMONES:

Activate lipid reserves; elevates blood glucose

48
Q

NON-STEROID HORMONES:

  • Produced by the pancreas
  • Promote uptake of glucose
  • Stimulates lipid storage
49
Q

NON-STEROID HORMONES:

Promote growth, protein synthesis, lipid movement

A

Growth hormone (hGH)

50
Q

NON-STEROID HORMONES:

Cause secretion of thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine & thryoxine)

A

Thyroid-stimulating (TSH)

51
Q

NON-STEROID HORMONES:

Produced by the thyroid gland; increase energy utilization, oxygen consumption, growth, and development

52
Q

NON-STEROID HORMONES:

  • Produced by the anterior pituitary
  • Target cells are melanocytes
  • Increase melanin pigment concentration
A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

53
Q

NON-STEROID HORMONES:

  • Inhibit secretion of GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which governs the release of FSH and LH)
  • Produced by the pineal gland
  • Target cells are found in the hypothalamus
54
Q

NON-STEROID HORMONES:

  • Produced by anterior pituitary
  • Target cells are immature egg cells of ovary; interstitial cells of testes
  • Either trigger ovulation in the ovary, or testosterone secretion in testes
A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

55
Q

NON-STEROID HORMONES:

  • Produced by anterior pituitary
  • Target cells are immature egg cells of the ovary; immature sperm cells of the testes
  • Either stimulate egg development and production of estrogen, or facilitate sperm development
A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

56
Q

NON-STEROID HORMONES:

  • Produced by testes, ovaries
  • Target cells are found in the anterior pituitary gland
  • Inhibit secretion of FSH
57
Q

NON-STEROID HORMONES:

  • Produced by hypothalamus
  • Target cells are found in the uterus and mamary glands; vas deferens and prostrate glands
  • Trigger smooth muscle contractions during labor, milk release, or sperm release
58
Q

NON-STEROID HORMONES:

  • Produced by anterior pituitary
  • Target cells are found in mammary glands
  • Stimulate milk production
A

Prolactin (PRL)

59
Q

NON-STEROID HORMONES:

  • Produced by thyroid gland
  • Target cells found in bone, kidneys
  • Decrease calcium concentration in body fluids
A

Calcitonin

60
Q

NON-STEROID HORMONES:

  • Produced by parathyroid glands
  • Target cells found in bone, kidneys
  • Increase calcium concentration in body fluids
A

Parathyroid hormone

61
Q

NON-STEROID HORMONES:

  • Produced by hypothalamus
  • Target cells found in kidneys
  • Cause reabsorption of water for urine production; elevation of blood pressure
A

Antidiuretic hormone

62
Q

NON-STEROID HORMONES:

  • Produced by kidneys
  • Target cells found in red bone marrow
  • Stimulate production of red blood cells
A

Erythropoietin

63
Q

Homeostasis is usually maintained via __________ ______________. This type of regulation applies to most hormones.

A

Negative feedback

64
Q

A water-soluble hormone that prevents the secretion of growth hormone in the anterior pituitary

A

Somatostatin

65
Q

Helps regulate digestive function in the abdominal cavity

A

Somatostatin

66
Q

Prevents the pancreas from releasing hormones that regulate blood sugar

A

Somatostatin

HUMAN BIOLOGY (LEC) (18 decks)

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