M3: The Adrenal Glands

Question 1

This secretes glucocortoids, mineralocorticoids, and small amounts of sex hormones. This is regulated by hormones from pituitary and hypothalamus.

Answer 1

Outer Cortex/ Adrenal Cortex

Question 2

This secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 2

Adrenal Medulla

Question 3

Location of adrenal glands

Answer 3

At the top of kidneys

Question 4

Outermost layer and protective covering of the adrenal glands

Answer 4

Capsule

Question 5

A group of hormones involved in glucose metabolism, the immune system, and stress regulation produced by the adrenal cortex.

Answer 5

Glucocorticoids

Question 6

The release of glucocorticoid hormones from the adrenal cortex.

Answer 6

Glucocorticoids secretion

Question 7

Responsible for secreting cortisol

Answer 7

Adrenal Cortex

Question 8

• Promotes the use of fats and proteins as energy sources
• Causes muscle tissues to break down proteins to amino acids, which the liver can convert to glucose

Answer 8

Cortisol

Question 9

• Has anti-inflammatory properties by suppressing the immune system and reducing swelling
• Having a high level of this can cause suppression of immune system

Answer 9

Cortisol

Question 10

This is released from the pituitary gland when cortisol is low, to signal the adrenal glands into producing more cortisol.

Answer 10

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 11

This is released by the hypothalamus when cortisol levels drop, causing ACTH to be produced from the anterior pituitary gland.

Answer 11

Cortisol-releasing hormone (CRH)

Question 12

• This is affected by physical injury or emotional stress, that makes a marked increase in cortisol
• Increased when stress triggers the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) acix

Answer 12

Cortisol secretion

Question 13

DISEASES OF ADRENAL GLANDS:

Resulted from excess cortisol due to adrenal cortex hypersecretion which leads to:
- Muscle breakdown
- Fat redistribution (moon face, fat on the back of the neck)
- High blood sugar
- Weak bones
- Hypertension
- Mood swings

Answer 13

Cushing’s Syndrome

Question 14

DISEASES OF ADRENAL GLANDS:

Caused by low glucocorticoid and aldosterone levels, often due to an autoimmune condition.

Symptoms include:
- Mental slowness
- Anorexia
- Weight loss
- Skin bronzing

An example of someone with this condition is former US president JFK.

Answer 14

Addison’s Disease