M2: The nervous system Flashcards
Receives and integrates stimuli and formulates an appropriate response
Nervous system
In response to stimuli from the __________, the skeletal muscles contract
Nervous system
What are the two types of stimulus change?
Internal change & External change
Give an example of External change
Shift in Temperature
Shift in Sound
Give an example of Internal change
Decrease in blood pressure
Increase in carbon dioxide levels in the tissues
The nervous system immediately detects the change and adapts in order to maintain _________?
Homeostasis
It is the main integration center of the body.
Cental Nervous System (CNS)
Comes in to the CNS, where it is analyzed, and an appropriate motor response is generated
Sensory information
It is usually directed toward muscular or glandular tissue
Motor response
It’s connected to the CNS
Peripheral nervous system
It is composed of all the afferent and efferent neurons that extend from the CNS
PNS
In both the PNS and CNS, nervous information is carried by ______ and passed from one cell to the next using ___________
Neurons; Neurotransmitters
The neurons of the PNS are arranged in bundles called?
Nerves
Enable us to see, hear, taste, and smell the external world
Special Senses
Inform us about external temperature as well as light touch, pressure, and pain
General Sensory Receptors
Monitor proprioception and organ functioning within our bodies.
Visceral Receptors
Reception of stimuli from within the body that give information on body position and posture.
Proprioception
The voluntary division is because the motor commands are consciously. It is voluntary and controlled
Somatic Division
The same motor neurons that stimulate reflexive movements are used for
Conscious movements
A control system that governs your body’s responses to subtle changes in homeostasis with involuntary, unconscious reactions
Autonomic Division
Also known as autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Autonomic Division
What are the two subdivision of autonomic division?
- Sympathetic division
- Parasympathetic division
It is triggered when we feel threatened and must choose to remove ourselves from the danger (flight) or stay and “fight”
“Flight” or “Fight”
Sympathetic division
Includes those nerves that control the body when it is actively moving and burning energy
Sympathetic division
Responsible for digestion, energy storage, and relaxation. Conserve energy and rest.
Parasympathetic division
Away from an organ; in the nervous system, neurons that carry information away from the CNS
Efferent
Toward an organ; in this case, neurons that carry information toward the CNS
Afferent
A nerve cell that sends and receives electrical signals
Neuron
A chemical used to transmit a nervous impulse from one cell to another
Neurotransmitter
Provides bony protection for the CNS
Axial skeleton
Provide a soft lining and cushion that nourishes and protects the delicate neural structures
Meninges and Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
What are the three coverings of the brain
- Dura mater
- Arachnoid mater
- Pia mater
Outer covering of the meninges with a tough connective tissue layer immediately beneath the skull
Dura mater
Below the dura mater, there is a thin and fragile layer that looks like a spider web. CSF flows between the strands of the ?
Arachnoid mater
Inner layer of the meninges has a extremely thin layer. Attached to the neurons and cannot be peeled off without damaging them
Pia mater
Inflammation of the meninges
Meningitis
True or False
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) must be continuously released in order to prevent build up of fluid pressure.
False: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) must be continuously absorbed in order to prevent build up of fluid pressure.
True or False
CSF formation helps maintain the blood-brain barrier
True
Failure to reabsorb CSF leads to?
- Hydrocephaly (in infants)
- Increased pressure on the neurons of the brain, shutting them down (adult)
What are the 4 parts of the human brain?
- Brain stem
- Diencephalon
- Cerebellum
- Cerebrum
It has Mid brain, medulla oblongata, pons
Brain Stem
Associated with heart rate, breathing controls, and blood pressure
Medulla oblongata
Contains reflex centers for sneezing, coughing, hiccupping, and swallowing
Medulla oblongata
The only vital center found in the pons is related to respiratory
Pons
It triggers breathing even when we consciously hold the diaphragm still
Apneustic center
In charged with preventing over inflation of the lungs. When stretch receptors in the lungs are stimulated, it sends a motor response, causing you to exhale
Pneumotaxic center
Focuses on muscles and movement
Cerebellum
Maintaining muscle tone, posture, and balance. Fine-tuning conscious and unconscious movements directed by the cerebrum
Cerebellum
It understands where the limbs are located, using proprioception. Important in learning motor skills
Cerebellum
Functions mainly as a relay center for sensory information from the body and motor responses from the cerebrum
Diencephalon
With this portion of the brain, conscious and unconscious sensory information and motor commands are integrated
Diencephalon
Diencephalon centers for?
Visual and Auditory reflexes
__________, which is responsible for our emotions, physically links with the _______, joining emotions and sensory input.
Limbic system; thalamus
Secretes hormones that control the anterior pituitary gland, monitor water balance, and stimulate smooth muscle contraction
Hypothalamus
Also regulates our circadian rhythm, body temperature, heart rate and blood pressure
Hypothalamus
The largest portion of the brain. A central processing area
Cerebrum
Information is processed and integrated and appropriate responses are generated
Cerebrum
The cerebrum contacts all other parts of the brain and is our _____________?
Center for higher thought processes
It connects the brain and the body.
Spinal Cord
The _______ of the spinal cord is composed of communication tracts running up and down the spinal cord.
Exterior
while the _______ is composed of connections between spinal nerves.
Interior
Enters the spinal cord via the dorsal root and is transferred to an upward tract heading toward the brain.
Sensory information
Generated in the brain are passed through the downward tracts of the spinal cord to the nerves of the body.
Motor impulses
Extremely quick responses to sensory stimuli, running through the spinal cord from the dorsal root immediately to the ventral root and bypassing the brain.
Reflex
