M2: The nervous system

Question 1

Receives and integrates stimuli and formulates an appropriate response

Answer 1

Nervous system

Question 2

In response to stimuli from the __________, the skeletal muscles contract

Answer 2

Nervous system

Question 3

What are the two types of stimulus change?

Answer 3

Internal change & External change

Question 4

Give an example of External change

Answer 4

Shift in Temperature
Shift in Sound

Question 5

Give an example of Internal change

Answer 5

Decrease in blood pressure
Increase in carbon dioxide levels in the tissues

Question 6

The nervous system immediately detects the change and adapts in order to maintain _________?

Answer 6

Homeostasis

Question 7

It is the main integration center of the body.

Answer 7

Cental Nervous System (CNS)

Question 8

Comes in to the CNS, where it is analyzed, and an appropriate motor response is generated

Answer 8

Sensory information

Question 9

It is usually directed toward muscular or glandular tissue

Answer 9

Motor response

Question 10

It’s connected to the CNS

Answer 10

Peripheral nervous system

Question 11

It is composed of all the afferent and efferent neurons that extend from the CNS

Answer 11

PNS

Question 13

In both the PNS and CNS, nervous information is carried by ______ and passed from one cell to the next using ___________

Answer 13

Neurons; Neurotransmitters

Question 14

The neurons of the PNS are arranged in bundles called?

Answer 14

Nerves

Question 15

Enable us to see, hear, taste, and smell the external world

Answer 15

Special Senses

Question 16

Inform us about external temperature as well as light touch, pressure, and pain

Answer 16

General Sensory Receptors

Question 17

Monitor proprioception and organ functioning within our bodies.

Answer 17

Visceral Receptors

Question 18

Reception of stimuli from within the body that give information on body position and posture.

Answer 18

Proprioception

Question 19

The voluntary division is because the motor commands are consciously. It is voluntary and controlled

Answer 19

Somatic Division

Question 20

The same motor neurons that stimulate reflexive movements are used for

Answer 20

Conscious movements

Question 21

A control system that governs your body’s responses to subtle changes in homeostasis with involuntary, unconscious reactions

Answer 21

Autonomic Division

Question 22

Also known as autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Answer 22

Autonomic Division

Question 23

What are the two subdivision of autonomic division?

Answer 23

1. Sympathetic division
2. Parasympathetic division

Question 24

It is triggered when we feel threatened and must choose to remove ourselves from the danger (flight) or stay and “fight”

“Flight” or “Fight”

Answer 24

Sympathetic division

Question 25

Includes those nerves that control the body when it is actively moving and burning energy

Answer 25

Sympathetic division

Question 26

Responsible for digestion, energy storage, and relaxation. Conserve energy and rest.

Answer 26

Parasympathetic division

Question 27

Away from an organ; in the nervous system, neurons that carry information away from the CNS

Answer 27

Efferent

Question 28

Toward an organ; in this case, neurons that carry information toward the CNS

Answer 28

Afferent

Question 29

A nerve cell that sends and receives electrical signals

Answer 29

Neuron

Question 30

A chemical used to transmit a nervous impulse from one cell to another

Answer 30

Neurotransmitter

Question 31

Provides bony protection for the CNS

Answer 31

Axial skeleton

Question 32

Provide a soft lining and cushion that nourishes and protects the delicate neural structures

Answer 32

Meninges and Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 33

What are the three coverings of the brain

Answer 33

1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Pia mater

Question 34

Outer covering of the meninges with a tough connective tissue layer immediately beneath the skull

Answer 34

Dura mater

Question 35

Below the dura mater, there is a thin and fragile layer that looks like a spider web. CSF flows between the strands of the ?

Answer 35

Arachnoid mater

Question 36

Inner layer of the meninges has a extremely thin layer. Attached to the neurons and cannot be peeled off without damaging them

Answer 36

Pia mater

Question 37

Inflammation of the meninges

Answer 37

Meningitis

Question 38

True or False **Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)** must be continuously **released** in order to prevent build up of fluid pressure.

Answer 38

**False**: **Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)** must be continuously **absorbed** in order to prevent build up of fluid pressure.

Question 39

True or False **CSF** formation helps **maintain** the **blood-brain barrier**

Answer 39

True

Question 40

Failure to reabsorb CSF leads to?

Answer 40

1. Hydrocephaly (in infants) 2. Increased pressure on the neurons of the brain, shutting them down (adult)

Question 41

What are the 4 parts of the human brain?

Answer 41

1. Brain stem 2. Diencephalon 3. Cerebellum 4. Cerebrum

Question 42

It has Mid brain, medulla oblongata, pons

Answer 42

Brain Stem

Question 43

Associated with heart rate, breathing controls, and blood pressure

Answer 43

Medulla oblongata

Question 44

Contains reflex centers for sneezing, coughing, hiccupping, and swallowing

Answer 44

Medulla oblongata

Question 45

The only vital center found in the pons is related to respiratory

Answer 45

Pons

Question 46

It triggers breathing even when we consciously hold the diaphragm still

Answer 46

Apneustic center

Question 47

In charged with preventing over inflation of the lungs. When stretch receptors in the lungs are stimulated, it sends a motor response, causing you to exhale

Answer 47

Pneumotaxic center

Question 48

Focuses on muscles and movement

Answer 48

Cerebellum

Question 49

Maintaining muscle tone, posture, and balance. Fine-tuning conscious and unconscious movements directed by the cerebrum

Answer 49

Cerebellum

Question 50

It understands where the limbs are located, using proprioception. Important in learning motor skills

Answer 50

Cerebellum

Question 51

Functions mainly as a relay center for sensory information from the body and motor responses from the cerebrum

Answer 51

Diencephalon

Question 52

With this portion of the brain, conscious and unconscious sensory information and motor commands are integrated

Answer 52

Diencephalon

Question 53

Diencephalon centers for?

Answer 53

Visual and Auditory reflexes

Question 54

__________, which is responsible for our emotions, physically links with the _______, joining emotions and sensory input.

Answer 54

Limbic system; thalamus

Question 55

Secretes hormones that control the anterior pituitary gland, monitor water balance, and stimulate smooth muscle contraction

Answer 55

Hypothalamus

Question 56

Also regulates our circadian rhythm, body temperature, heart rate and blood pressure

Answer 56

Hypothalamus

Question 57

The largest portion of the brain. A central processing area

Answer 57

Cerebrum

Question 58

Information is processed and integrated and appropriate responses are generated

Answer 58

Cerebrum

Question 59

The cerebrum contacts all other parts of the brain and is our _____________?

Answer 59

Center for higher thought processes

Question 60

It connects the brain and the body.

Answer 60

Spinal Cord

Question 61

The _______ of the spinal cord is composed of communication tracts running up and down the spinal cord.

Answer 61

Exterior

Question 62

while the _______ is composed of connections between spinal nerves.

Answer 62

Interior

Question 63

Enters the spinal cord via the dorsal root and is transferred to an upward tract heading toward the brain.

Answer 63

Sensory information

Question 64

Generated in the brain are passed through the downward tracts of the spinal cord to the nerves of the body.

Answer 64

Motor impulses

Question 65

Extremely quick responses to sensory stimuli, running through the spinal cord from the dorsal root immediately to the ventral root and bypassing the brain.

Answer 65

Reflex