M2: Cardiovascular System Flashcards
Transports that blood, carrying nutrients, wastes, and dissolved gases to and from the tissues
Cardiovascular system
Brings oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide from it
Respiratory system
In delivering oxygen and removing carbon dioxide, the __________ and _______ systems work together.
Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
The cardiovascular system (CVS) includes?
- Heart
- Blood vessels
- Blood
What are the 3 layers of heart’s wall?
- Epicardium
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
It also called visceral pericardium
Epicardium
The muscular wall of the heart, contracting to create heartbeats
Myocardium
It is a serous membrane, secreting a lubricating fluid that surrounds the heart and allows it to beat without causing damage to itself
Pericardium
What are the 2 layers of Pericardium?
- Parietal pericardium
- Visceral pericardium
Lines the walls of the sac where the heart is found
Parietal pericardium
Attached directly to the myocardium
Visceral pericardium (or epicardium)
The space between the visceral and parietal pericardium; filled with serous fluid
Pericardial Cavity
What are the 4 chambers of the heart?
- 2 ventricles
- 2 atria
Thick-walled and muscular
It expel the blood under great pressure toward the lungs or body
Ventricle
Smaller, thin-walled chambers sitting on top of the ventricles
Receive blood from large veins and direct it into the ventricles
Atria
It is the _________ that must generate enough force to push blood throughout the body.
Left Ventricle
The less muscular ________ pushes blood only to the nearby lungs.
Right Ventricle
True or False
The walls of the atria are even more muscular, because these chambers are essentially holding tanks for blood after it returns from the body or lungs, rather than pumping chambers
False: The walls of the atria are even less muscular, because these chambers are essentially holding tanks for blood after it returns from the body or lungs, rather than pumping chambers
Each heart chamber contains one valve that opens to allow blood to pass and then closes when the chamber contracts to pump. It is found between the atria and the ventricles, they are called?
Atrioventricular Valves
The AV valve in the right ventricle
Tricuspid
The AV valve in the left ventricle
Bicuspid
Bicuspid also called the
Mitral Valve
Valves are composed of dense, irregular connective tissue and are held in place by the ?
Chordae Tendineae
These anchor the cusps of the valves to the papillary muscles
Chordae Tendineae
When we listen to a heart beat, part of what we hear is the thrumming of these “______” as they are pulled tight and pressurized blood flows past them.
“Heart Strings”
At the base of the great arteries leaving the heart are the ______ and ________
Pulmonary and Aortic Valves
Pulmonary and Aortic Valves are also called?
Semilunar Valves
These valves are shaped like ____________ , anchored to the walls of the great vessel
3 Flexible Bowls
Normal heart sounds are called _______ and _______
S1 (“lubb) and S2 (“dubb”)
It is a loud, resonating sound caused by blood pressure against the atrioventricular valves.
S1
True or False
This pressure closes the bicuspid and tricuspid valves, pulling the chordae tendineae and the entire supporting framework of cardiac muscle.
True
True or False
The second sound forms when the ventricles relax and blood in the pulmonary artery and the aorta flows back toward the ventricles.The arterial valves catch the back flow and snap against one another—“dubb”
True
Listening to here heart sounds, or any internal body sounds
Auscultation
The rate of the heartbeat is under 2 types of control
- Intrinsic Control
- Extrinsic Control
Establish the usual, day-in, day-out pace of heartbeats.
Cardiac muscle cells undergo rhythmic contractions without receiving nerve impulses
Intrinsic Control
Modulate the baseline rate to meet the body’s immediate demands.
Cardiac control center in the medulla oblongata—this can override the intrinsic heartbeat, increasing or decreasing the rate as necessary
Extrinsic Control
A group of cells in the upper wall of the right atrium has the fastest intrinsic beat, and serves as the heart’s pacemaker
SA (sinoatrial) node
At the base of the left atrium, near the ventricle, lies a group of cells that are relay station that delays the contraction impulse before sending it on
AV (atrioventricular) node
When the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is active, heart rate increases significantly.
Increased blood flow to the heart during exercise, causes the heart to respond with more forceful pumping—just what we need to move oxygenated blood to active muscles.
Extrinsic Control
Blood enters the heart ____ during one complete circuit of the cardiovascular system
Twice
Sequence of Cardiac Cycle in general
- Vena cava
- Right atrium
- Right ventricle
- On to lungs
- Back to the left atrium
- Left ventricle and then out to the body through the aorta.
True or False
Blood enters the Left Atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava and the cardiac sinus, and then drops through the tricuspid atrioventricular valve into the Left Ventricle , which pumps blood to the lungs.
False: Blood enters the Right Atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava and the cardiac sinus, and then drops through the tricuspid atrioventricular valve into the Right Ventricle, which pumps blood to the lungs.
True or False
Blood that returns from the lungs enters the Right Atrium and drops through the mitral valve into the Right Ventricle, which pumps the blood throughout the body (with exception of the respiratory membranes of the lungs)
False: Blood that returns from the lungs enters the Left Atrium and drops through the mitral valve into the Left Ventricle , which pumps the blood throughout the body (with exception of the respiratory membranes of the lungs)
Thickest of the vessels. They take blood from the heart to the tissues of the body and are subject to largest pressures
Arteries
They have a layer of resilient muscle in their walls that allows for the bouncing pulse we can feel through the skin.
Arteries
Extremely thin-walled, usually only one cell thick. They are the diffusion vessels of this system
Capillaries
Thinner than arteries but have more substance than the capillaries. Valves prevent back flow of blood in these weak-walled vessels
Veins
Closest to the heart have large diameters and thick walls because the heart’s pumping increases the pressure in these vessels, causing them to stretch and recoil with each beat.
Arteries
Small vessels similar in structure to the larger arteries from which they branch; smaller in diameter
Arterioles
As the blood passes into smaller vessels, the friction _________ , causing the blood flow to _______
Increases; Decrease
The smallest blood vessels and Arterioles lead to
Capillaries
Exchange vessels that reach to almost every cell, and they are the only vessels that permit the vital exchange of gases, nutrients and waste across the blood vessel wall
Capillaries
Bring blood back to the heart. Despite the low pressure, the blood continues to flow toward the heart.
Veins
Blood leaving capillaries collects in larger vessels called
Venules
One of the most common cardiovascular diseases. This is often called the “silent killer” because it may produce no symptoms before disaster strikes
Hypertension or High Blood Pressure
This is diagnosed when systolic blood pressure is above 140 mmHg, or diastolic pressure is above 90 mmHg.
Hypertension or High Blood Pressure
Although hypertension is harmful to many organs, the key risk is ______
Stroke
A disruption of blood flow in the brain
Stroke
