M2: Digestive System

Question 1

What are the major parts of the digestive system?

Answer 1

1. Gastrointestinal Tract (GI Tract)
2. Accessory Organs

Question 2

Begins at the oral cavity, passes through the abdominal cavity, and ends at the anus

Answer 2

Gastrointestinal Tract

Question 3

Pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are under what type of major parts of digestive system

Answer 3

Accessory Organs

Question 4

True or False

The gastrointestinal tract provides both a location for nutrient digestion and the surface required to absorb those nutrients, it cannot complete the job alone.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

True or False

Along the length of the tract several accessory organs assist in digestion, including the stomach, large intestine, and small intestine

Answer 5

False: Along the length of the tract several accessory organs assist in digestion, including the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

Question 6

What are the 5 process of the GI tract and the accessory organs carry out?

Answer 6

1. Ingestion
2. Mixing
3. Digestion
4. Absorption
5. Defecation

Question 7

Foods and liquids are taken into the mouth and eaten.

Answer 7

Ingestion

Question 8

The smooth muscle in the walls of the GI tract mixes the food and sends it on its way through the tract

Answer 8

Mixing

Question 9

Food is broken down by both mechanical and chemical processes.

Answer 9

Digestion

Question 10

The epithelial cells lining the GI tract absorb the digested food molecules and pass them to the blood or lymph

Answer 10

Absorption

Question 11

Any substance not digested or absorbed, for whatever reason, is passed along to the end of the GI tract, the anus, and leaves the body

Answer 11

Defecation

Question 12

What are the 4 layers of Gastrointestinal tract

Answer 12

1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. Muscularis
4. Serosa

Question 13

It is the innermost layer, composed of a mucous membrane. This slippery, smooth layer allows ingested food to move along the tract without tearing it.

Answer 13

Mucosa

Question 14

It is under the mucosa. It includes the glands, nerves, and blood supply for the tract itself

Answer 14

Submucosa

Question 15

It gives the tract the ability to move substances lengthwise. For most of the tract, the _______ is composed of one layer of longitudinal muscle above another layer of circular muscle.

Answer 15

Muscularis

Question 16

Outer layer of the GI tract. It is a slippery membrane that permits the tract to move inside the abdominal cavity without aching or causing discomfort.

Answer 16

Serosa

Question 17

The 4 layers of GI tract work in unison to create the ________ that propels food throughout the tube

Answer 17

Peristaltic wave

Question 18

Rhythmic muscular contractions of a tube that force contents toward the open end.

Answer 18

Peristaltic wave

Question 19

True or False

Sometimes food in the stomach does not “agree” with the stomach because it contains bacteria or toxins that irritate the stomach lining. This situation may cause diarrhea.

Answer 19

False: Sometimes food in the stomach does not “agree” with the stomach because it contains bacteria or toxins that irritate the stomach lining. This situation may cause vomiting.

Question 20

True or False

Although not an easy task from a physiological standpoint, reversing the peristaltic wave and churning the stomach violently while holding the pyloric sphincter closed will expel the stomach contents.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

True or False

The pyloric sphincter is weaker than the esophageal sphincter and will open first when the stomach contents are under pressure. The entire contents of the stomach then return through the esophagus and the mouth

Answer 21

False: The esophageal sphincter is weaker than the pyloric sphincter and will open first when the stomach contents are under pressure. The entire contents of the stomach then return through the esophagus and the mouth

Question 22

True or False

The acidity of the stomach is not buffered in the esophagus and mouth, causing some burning as the fluid passes the mucous membranes of these structures

Answer 22

True

Question 23

True or False

Repeated vomiting can be detrimental to the lining of the mouth as well as the tooth enamel. In addition, replacing the hydrogen ion concentration in the stomach can deplete the hydrogen content of the blood, leading to electrolyte imbalances.

Answer 23

True

Question 24

What are the three phases Gastric Digestion?

Answer 24

1. Cephalic phase
2. Gastric phase
3. Intestinal phase

Question 25

In the first phase, thoughts of food and the feel of food in the oral cavity stimulate increased secretion from the gastric pits. The stomach begins to churn more actively in preparation for the incoming food.

Answer 25

Cephalic phase

Question 26

When the bolus reaches the stomach, the second phase of gastric digestion begins. Here the stomach produces gastrin as well as continuing the production of pepsin and HCl. Gastrin aids in stimulation of the gastric pits, providing a feedback system that speeds digestion. Impulses from the stomach also go back to the brain, maintaining contact with the nervous system

Answer 26

Gastric phase

Question 27

In the final phase of gastric digestion, the chyme begins to leave through the pyloric sphincter. As the chyme leaves the stomach, gastrin production decreases, the impulses to the brain indicate a lessening of chyme, and the brain begins to slow the stimulation of the gastric pits. At the same time, hormones from the beginning portion of the small intestine initiate activation of the small intestine.

Answer 27

Intestinal phase.

Question 28

It is where you can find the tongue, salivary glands, and teeth. the lips and cheeks keep food between the teeth during mastication, and buccal glands lining the mouth produce saliva.

Answer 28

Mouth

Question 29

Maneuvers food for mastication, shapes food into a bolus, maneuvers food for deglutition, detects taste and touch sensations.

Answer 29

Tongue (accessory structure)

Question 30

Produce saliva, which softens, moistens, and dissolves foods; cleanses mouth and teeth; and initiates the digestion of starch and lipids.

Answer 30

Salivary glands (accessory structure)

Question 31

Cut, tear, and pulverize food to reduce solids to smaller particles for swallowing.

Answer 31

Teeth (accessory structure)

Question 32

Receives a bolus from the oral cavity and passes it into the esophagus.

Answer 32

Pharynx

Question 33

Receives a bolus from the pharynx and moves it into the stomach. This requires relaxation of the upper and then lower esophageal sphincters and secretion of mucus.

Answer 33

Esophagus

Question 34

Creates mixing waves that macerate food, mix it with secretions of gastric glands (gastric juice), and reduce food to chyme. Gastric juice activates pepsin and kills many microbes in food. Intrinsic factor aids absorption of vitamin B12. The stomach serves as a reservoir for food before releasing it into the small intestine.

Answer 34

Stomach

Question 35

Secretes juice which buffers acidic gastric juice in chyme (creating the proper pH for digestion in the small intestine), stops the action of pepsin from the stomach, and contains enzymes that digest carbohydrates, proteins, triglycerides, and nucleic acids.

Answer 35

Pancreas. (accessory structure)

Question 36

Produces bile, needed for emulsification and absorption of lipids in the small intestine; detoxifies blood containing absorbed nutrients and other substances.

Answer 36

Liver (accessory structure)

Question 37

Stores and concentrates bile and releases it into the small intestine.

Answer 37

Gallbladder (accessory structure)

Question 38

Creates muscular contractions that mix chyme with digestive juices; migrating motility complexes propel chyme toward the ileocecal sphincter; digestive secretions from the small intestine, pancreas, and liver complete the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids; circular folds, villi, and microvilli increase surface area for absorption; site where nutrients are absorbed.

Answer 38

Small intestine

Question 39

Create churning, peristalsis, and mass movements that drive the contents of the colon into the rectum; bacteria produce some B vitamins and vitamin K; absorption of water, ions, and vitamins; defecation.

Answer 39

Large intestine

Question 40

It results from an irritation of the colon.

Answer 40

Diarrhea

Question 41

It is an open wounds that remain aggravated and painful instead of healing. The mucous lining that normally protects the stomach from digestion must be compromised to develop

Answer 41

Ulcer

Question 42

What type of ulcer that occur in the stomach

Answer 42

Gastric ulcers

Question 43

What type of ulcer that occurs in the duodenum of the small intestines

Answer 43

Duodenal ulcers