M3: The Male Reproductive System Flashcards
Produces sperm, stores it, and delivers it to the female reproductive system
The male reproductive system
Requires a gonad to produce sperm, some tubes to carry the sperm, three types of accessory glands to produce fluid sustaining the sperm, and several supporting structures to help deliver the sperm
The male reproductive system
Glands in the male provide nutrients, a supportive carrying fluid, and chemicals for sperm motility
The male reproductive system
Paired organs suspended in the scrotal sac, where their internal temperature is regulated
Testes
SPERM PRODUCTION:
The muscles ________ when the temperature ________, elevating the testes and subsequently maintaining the required temperature
Contract; drops
SPERM PRODUCTION:
When the temperature within the testes ______, the muscles _________ and the testes move away from the body, reducing their internal temperature
Rises; relax
In 3% of full-term male births and 30% of premature male births, the testes have yet to descend.
Cryptorchidism (“hidden orchid”)
Among 80% of cryptorchid males, the testes naturally descend when?
The first year
When do male reproductive organs usually begin development?
7 weeks after conception
Male reproductive organs form from the ____________ ___________________ ______
Embryonic mesonephros duct
7 months after conception, the testes migrate from the _________ _________ to the __________ ____. This leaves a weak spot in the abdominal wall, which can lead to a hernia later in life.
Abdominal cavity; scrotal sac
The protrusion of internal organs through the wall of the cavity that normally contains them.
Hernia
The cells that produce sperm are found lining the _______________ ___________.
Seminiferous tubules
___________ cells and _______ cells are found within the seminiferous tubules while the _________ cells are found outside, between them in the lobules.
Spermatogenic; Sertoli, Leydig
Stimulated to begin producing sperm at puberty
Spermatogenic cells
They divide into spermatogonia and form primary spermatocytes
Spermatogenic cells
Move from the wall of the tubule into the lumen as they keep dividing and turn into secondary spermatocytes and then spermatids
Spermatogenic cells
Extend from the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule all the way to the lumen
Sertoli cells
Surround the developing sperm and isolate it from the male’s blood supply as protection against immune attack
Sertoli cells
Assist in the survival of developing sperm
Sertoli cells
Produce testosterone
Leydig cells
Stimulates spermatogonia to produce sperm
Testosterone
- Stimulates bone growth
- Increases hair production all over the body
- Stimulates cartilage growth of the larynx, thereby lowering the voice
- Increases libido
Testosterone
SPERMATOGENESIS:
When the spermatogonia undergo __________ and produce two cells, one cell remains in contact with the basement membrane as a __________________; the other moves around the lumen to begin the process of spermatogenesis.
Mitosis; spermatogonium
SPERMATOGENESIS:
This second cell moves into a ________ _____ and transforms into a _____________ _______________________.
Sertoli cell; primary spermatocyte
SPERMATOGENESIS:
__________ occurs. At the end of the first round of this phase, two ___________ ___________________ are formed.
Meiosis; secondary spermatocytes
SPERMATOGENESIS:
Each secondary spermatocyte divides further to produce ____ ___________ __________________.
Two haploid spermatids
SPERMATOGENESIS:
Yields a total of ______ haploid cells carrying the DNA of a sperm (but without the characteristic shape of the sperm cell).
Four haploid cells
SPERMATOGENESIS:
The final stage of spermatogenesis where the spermatids develop into mature spermatozoa, and where the correct shape is required.
Spermiogenesis
The ________ of the sperm carries the genetic material and includes the __________ and the nucleus.
Head; acrosome
The ____________ is a vesicle on the point of the sperm head that contains __________ ___________.
Acrosome; digestive enzymes
When the sperm encounters the egg, it will digest the ___________ (egg; the female gamete) membrane, allowing the nucleus of the sperm to penetrate.
Oocyte
The ____________ of the sperm contains many ______________ that produce the ____ needed to reach the egg.
Midpiece; mitochondria; ATP
The _______ of the sperm consists of one long ___________.
Tail; flagellum
STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION OF SPERM AND SEMEN IN THE DUCTS:
After the completion of the spermatogenesis, the product of _______ would be produced as it traverses through the ducts.
Semen
STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION OF SPERM AND SEMEN IN THE DUCTS:
The Sertoli cells create a fluid that fills the seminiferous tubule lumen and pushes the developing _______________ along.
Spermatozoa
STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION OF SPERM AND SEMEN IN THE DUCTS:
The spermatozoa leave the seminiferous tubules and travel to the rete testes, before leaving the testis, which ends at the ______________.
Epidydymis
STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION OF SPERM AND SEMEN IN THE DUCTS:
Responsible for sperm maturation, including the acquisition of motility and fertilization capabilities.
Epidydymis
STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION OF SPERM AND SEMEN IN THE DUCTS:
Situated at the anterior of spermatic cord and acts as the transporter storage of the epidydymis during ejaculation.
Vas deferens
THE VAS DEFERENS:
The event of ejaculation, the smooth muscle in the walls of the vas deferens contracts reflexively, thus propelling the sperm forward.
Peristalsis
THE VAS DEFERENS:
TRUE OR FALSE: Can store sperm for up to several months.
TRUE.
THE VAS DEFERENS:
Prime organ candidate for ______________.
Sterilization
THE VAS DEFERENS:
Without any ejaculation, the stored fluids within the vas deferens would eventually _______ ________ and ___________ within the body.
Break down; reabsorb
Produces the bulk of the semen from the secretion of nearby glands during transportation.
Seminal vesicle
Contents of this fluid comprises of fructose-rich fluids and _______________ that helps neutralize the potential acidic conditions of the following urethra, as well as an energy source for the sperm.
Prostaglandin
The seminal vesicle has ____________ ___________ that contribute to the coagulation of semen after ejaculation.
Clotting factors
Sperm travels along the ________ ________________ ______ to the ____________ __________.
Short ejaculatory duct; prosthetic urethra
During the event of ejaculation, both the _______ & _______ are pushed to the prosthetic urethra. With this, they come in contact with the prostate.
Sperm & semen
Secretes and mixes the fluid into the passing semen
Prostate
ATP production
Citric acid
Break up the clot formed by the seminal vesicle secretions
Proteolytic enzymes
After leaving the prostate, the fluids travel through the _________ and from the length of the penis, until finally reaching the ___________ _________ ___________.
Urethra; external urethral opening
SEXUAL AROUSAL:
During sexual arousal, _________ _______ (NO) released from nerve endings and endothelial cells dilates penile arteries, allowing blood to fill the erectile tissue.
Nitric oxide
SEXUAL AROUSAL:
When the penile arteries are dilated, this causes the phenomenon of ____________.
ERECTIONS
SEXUAL AROUSAL:
The process reverses when arteries _________, _________ blood flow in the erectile tissues.
Constrict; reducing
SEXUAL AROUSAL:
In the mid-1950s, research on the human sexual response spawned new studies, wherein it was found there are ______ phases of sexual response.
Four phases of sexual response
THE FOUR PHASES OF SEXUAL RESPONSE:
In male sexual arousal, the parasympathetic nervous system increases blood flow to the penis, elevates heart rate/ blood pressure, and triggers lubrication. Sensory stimuli (touch, visual, auditory) enhances arousal.
FIRST PHASE of Sexual Response
THE FOUR PHASES OF SEXUAL RESPONSE:
The plateau phase sustains arousal for seconds to minutes.
SECOND PHASE of Sexual Response
THE FOUR PHASES OF SEXUAL RESPONSE:
Orgasm (controlled by the sympathetic nervous system) involves muscular contractions, ejaculation, and intense pleasure, followed by a refractory period.
THIRD PHASE of Sexual Response
THE FOUR PHASES OF SEXUAL RESPONSE:
In resolution, the body returns to pre-arousal states (heart rate, blood pressure), with longer recovery if orgasm does not occur.
FOURTH PHASE of Sexual Response (End of Ejaculation)
