M2: Respiratory System Flashcards
It filters incoming air, and maintains blood pH. Helps control fluid and thermal homeostasis, and Produces sound
Respiratory System
Respiratory organs in the face and neck (Nose, pharynx, larynx). Warm, moisten, and filter the incoming air as it enters the body
Upper Respiratory Tract
Respiratory organs within the thoracic cavity, including the bronchial tree and the lungs. Allows oxygen to enter the blood and waste gases to leave it.
Lower Respiratory Tract
It divides the upper and lower respiratory tracts. It is composed entirely of cartilage
Larynx
It holds the respiratory tract open, guards the lower tract against particulate matter, and produces the sounds of speech.
Larynx
The larynx is composed of how many pieces of cartilage?
9
What are the 3 single structures larynx?
- Thyroid cartilage
- Epiglottis
- Cricoid cartilage
What are the 3 paired structures larynx?
- Corniculate cartilages
- Arytenoid cartilages
- Cuneiform cartilages
The larynx is called the “________” because it is the location of the vocal cords
“Voice box”
How many pairs of vocal cords have?
2
What are the 2 pairs of vocal cords?
- False vocal cords (or ventricular folds)
- True vocal cords (or vocal folds)
True or False
Vocal folds vibrate as air moves past them, producing sound
True
The sounds occur when tension on the vocal folds increases
High-pitched
The sounds occur when the tension is reduced
Low-pitched
The ___________ and __________ cartilages pull on the vocal folds to alter pitch
Arytenoid and Cuneiform
True or False
The amplitude, or amount the cords are vibrating, determines sound volume
True
True or False
The main function of the lower tract is to filter, warm, and humidify the air you breathe
False: The main function of the lower tract is to move inhaled air to the respiratory membrane.
All structures of the upper respiratory tract and the first portions of the lower tract, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles. Conducts air from the atmosphere to the respiratory zone deeper in the body
Conducting Zone
Lies deep within the lungs and includes only the respiratory bronchioles and the alveoli. Where the actual exchange of the gases takes place
Respiratory Zone
The lower portion of the conducting zone and the respiratory zone are collectively referred to as the?
Bronchial Tree
Connects the larynx to the bronchi
Trachea
At the lower base of the trachea is an extremely sensitive area called?
Carina
The _________ of the carina is more sensitive to touch than any other area of the larynx or trachea. Hence, triggers a ________ when any solid object touches it
Mucous membrane; Cough reflex
At the level of the__________, trachea splits into 2 tubes called the _________, which lead to each lung
5th thoracic vertebra; Primary bronchi
Shorter, wider, and more vertical than the left. It is where the inhaled objects often get lodged
Right primary bronchus
The primary bronchi divide into the ______ inside the lungs
Secondary bronchi
The right bronchus divides into __ secondary bronchi, whereas the left bronchus splits into __
Right- 3; Left- 2
The branching pattern of bronchi continues getting smaller and smaller as the tubes extend farther from the primary bronchus. The sequentially smaller tubes are called
- Tertiary bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles
- Respiratory bronchioles
The thoracic cavity houses the 2 organs of respiration
Lungs
Lungs extend from just above the ________ to the _________ and fill the rib cage
Clavicle; 12th thoracic vertebra
True or False
The base of the lungs is broad portion sitting on the diaphragm. The apex is the small point extending above the clavicles.
True
It is shorter and fatter and has 3 lobes
Right lung
It has only 2 lobes. It is thinner and has a depression for the heart (cardiac notch), on the medial side.
Left lung
The lungs are covered in a serous membrane that allows the lungs to expand and contract without tearing the dedicated respiratory tissues
Pleura
Pleura is composed of 2 membranous layers separated by?
Serous fluid
Covers the lung tissue
Visceral Pleura
Lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
Parietal Pleura
True or False
There’s a slight vacuum in the pleural space, created during development of the trachea and bronchi. It is essential to proper lung functioning. If this partial vacuum is lost, inhalation comes slightly difficult
False: There’s a slight vacuum in the pleural space, created during development of the lungs and thoracic cavity. It is essential to proper lung functioning. If this partial vacuum is lost, inhalation comes difficult
Sequence of gas movement across the respiratory membrane
Respiratory bronchiole —> alveolar ducts —> alveoli
It is the respiratory membranes for the entire system. It is only here that oxygen enters the blood stream and carbon dioxide exits
Alveoli
are clustered into an alveolar sac at the end of the bronchiole
Alveoli
True or False
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the alveoli to the blood in the capillary, while oxygen diffuses in the opposite direction
False: Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the blood in the capillary, while carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction
Diffusion of gases across the cell membrane requires a ____, but have a tendency to stick together
Moist membrane
Scattered through the lung and they produce surfactant.
Septal cells
It is a detergent-like fluid that moistens the alveoli but prevents the walls from sticking together during exhalation.
Surfactant
True or False
Septal cells begin secreting surfactant only during last few weeks of pregnancy, hence, premature babies often have difficulty breathing.
True
It is administered to these premature infants during their first hours of life to help them survive
Artificial surfactant
It patrols the alveoli. These immune cells remove any inhaled particles that escape the mucus and cilia of the conducting zone
Alveolar macrophages or Dust cells
External air is brought into the depths of the respiratory system during this process
Inhalation
Opposite movement of inhalation
Exhalation
An active process that requires muscle contractions
Inhalation
A passive process and allowing muscles to relax
Exhalation
Muscles expand your thoracic cavity. Diaphragm contracts, it flattens out, causing the bottom of the thoracic cavity to drop. Intercostal muscles also contract, raising the ribs slightly
Inhalation
The thoracic cavity returns to its original size. If you force it, as in sighing or yelling, you contract muscles that directly and indirectly shrink the thoracic cavity. In forcing it, the abdominal muscles contract, pushing the abdominal organs backward, upward, and into the diaphragm
Exhalation
As you read this text, you are breathing at a steady rate. These constant, day-in, day-out breaths are called your
Resting rate
It is governed by the medulla oblongata and the pons in the brain stem.
Respiratory rate
Causes rhythmic contractions of the diaphragm, stimulating contraction for 2 seconds and allowing 3 seconds of rest.
Respiratory center in the medulla oblongata
Sensory receptors that detect small changes in levels of specific chemicals, such as carbon dioxide.
Chemoreceptors
The body can sense the levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood through _______ in the carotid artery and aorta.
Chemoreceptors
True or False
Low carbon dioxide levels immediately trigger an increase in the depth and rate of respiration. The chemoreceptors respond to a 10% decrease in carbon dioxide levels by doubling the respiratory rate.
False: High carbon dioxide levels immediately trigger an increase in the depth and rate of respiration. The chemoreceptors respond to a 10% increase in carbon dioxide levels by doubling the respiratory rate.
The volume of each normal breath is called the ______ because it regularly flows in and out like the ocean tide.
Tidal volume (TV)
During a “forced inhalation”, the average adult can inhale approximately 1,900 to 3,300 mL of additional air. This volume is called the?
Inspiration Reserve Volume (IRV)
We can exhale much more than the 500mL tidal volume: up to 700 to 1,000 mL in the?
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Measures the total volume of air your lungs can inhale and exhale in one huge breath, which is essentially the maximum amount of air your lungs can move in one respiratory cycle.
Vital capacity (VC)
What is the formula of VC
VC = IRV + TV + ERV
VC is the sum of IRV, TV and ERV
The amount of air that remains in the lungs after forced expiration is allied the?
Residual Volume (RV)
What is the formula of total lung capacity (TLC)?
TLC = RV (Residual volume) + VC (Vital capacity)
