M2: Respiratory System

Question 1

It filters incoming air, and maintains blood pH. Helps control fluid and thermal homeostasis, and Produces sound

Answer 1

Respiratory System

Question 2

Respiratory organs in the face and neck (Nose, pharynx, larynx). Warm, moisten, and filter the incoming air as it enters the body

Answer 2

Upper Respiratory Tract

Question 3

Respiratory organs within the thoracic cavity, including the bronchial tree and the lungs. Allows oxygen to enter the blood and waste gases to leave it.

Answer 3

Lower Respiratory Tract

Question 4

It divides the upper and lower respiratory tracts. It is composed entirely of cartilage

Answer 4

Larynx

Question 5

It holds the respiratory tract open, guards the lower tract against particulate matter, and produces the sounds of speech.

Answer 5

Larynx

Question 6

The larynx is composed of how many pieces of cartilage?

Answer 6

9

Question 7

What are the 3 single structures larynx?

Answer 7

1. Thyroid cartilage
2. Epiglottis
3. Cricoid cartilage

Question 8

What are the 3 paired structures larynx?

Answer 8

1. Corniculate cartilages
2. Arytenoid cartilages
3. Cuneiform cartilages

Question 9

The larynx is called the “________” because it is the location of the vocal cords

Answer 9

“Voice box”

Question 10

How many pairs of vocal cords have?

Answer 10

2

Question 11

What are the 2 pairs of vocal cords?

Answer 11

1. False vocal cords (or ventricular folds)
2. True vocal cords (or vocal folds)

Question 12

True or False

Vocal folds vibrate as air moves past them, producing sound

Answer 12

True

Question 13

The sounds occur when tension on the vocal folds increases

Answer 13

High-pitched

Question 14

The sounds occur when the tension is reduced

Answer 14

Low-pitched

Question 15

The ___________ and __________ cartilages pull on the vocal folds to alter pitch

Answer 15

Arytenoid and Cuneiform

Question 16

True or False

The amplitude, or amount the cords are vibrating, determines sound volume

Answer 16

True

Question 17

True or False

The main function of the lower tract is to filter, warm, and humidify the air you breathe

Answer 17

False: The main function of the lower tract is to move inhaled air to the respiratory membrane.

Question 18

All structures of the upper respiratory tract and the first portions of the lower tract, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles. Conducts air from the atmosphere to the respiratory zone deeper in the body

Answer 18

Conducting Zone

Question 19

Lies deep within the lungs and includes only the respiratory bronchioles and the alveoli. Where the actual exchange of the gases takes place

Answer 19

Respiratory Zone

Question 20

The lower portion of the conducting zone and the respiratory zone are collectively referred to as the?

Answer 20

Bronchial Tree

Question 21

Connects the larynx to the bronchi

Answer 21

Trachea

Question 22

At the lower base of the trachea is an extremely sensitive area called?

Answer 22

Carina

Question 23

The _________ of the carina is more sensitive to touch than any other area of the larynx or trachea. Hence, triggers a ________ when any solid object touches it

Answer 23

Mucous membrane; Cough reflex

Question 24

At the level of the__________, trachea splits into 2 tubes called the _________, which lead to each lung

Answer 24

5th thoracic vertebra; Primary bronchi

Question 25

Shorter, wider, and more vertical than the left. It is where the inhaled objects often get lodged

Answer 25

Right primary bronchus

Question 26

The primary bronchi divide into the ______ inside the lungs

Answer 26

Secondary bronchi

Question 27

The right bronchus divides into __ secondary bronchi, whereas the left bronchus splits into __

Answer 27

Right- 3; Left- 2

Question 28

The branching pattern of bronchi continues getting smaller and smaller as the tubes extend farther from the primary bronchus. The sequentially smaller tubes are called

Answer 28

1. Tertiary bronchi 2. Bronchioles 3. Terminal bronchioles 4. Respiratory bronchioles

Question 29

The thoracic cavity houses the 2 organs of respiration

Answer 29

Lungs

Question 30

Lungs extend from just above the ________ to the _________ and fill the rib cage

Answer 30

Clavicle; 12th thoracic vertebra

Question 31

True or False The **base of the lungs** is **broad portion sitting on the diaphragm**. The **apex** is the small point extending above the **clavicles**.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

It is shorter and fatter and has 3 lobes

Answer 32

Right lung

Question 33

It has only 2 lobes. It is thinner and has a depression for the heart (cardiac notch), on the medial side.

Answer 33

Left lung

Question 34

The lungs are covered in a serous membrane that allows the lungs to expand and contract without tearing the dedicated respiratory tissues

Answer 34

Pleura

Question 35

Pleura is composed of 2 membranous layers separated by?

Answer 35

Serous fluid

Question 36

Covers the lung tissue

Answer 36

Visceral Pleura

Question 37

Lines the walls of the thoracic cavity

Answer 37

Parietal Pleura

Question 38

True or False There’s a slight vacuum in the pleural space, created during development of the **trachea** and **bronchi**. It is essential to proper lung functioning. If this partial vacuum is lost, inhalation comes **slightly difficult**

Answer 38

**False**: There’s a slight vacuum in the pleural space, created during development of the **lungs** and **thoracic cavity**. It is essential to proper lung functioning. If this partial vacuum is lost, inhalation comes **difficult**

Question 39

Sequence of gas movement across the respiratory membrane

Answer 39

Respiratory bronchiole —> alveolar ducts —> alveoli

Question 40

It is the respiratory membranes for the entire system. It is only here that oxygen enters the blood stream and carbon dioxide exits

Answer 40

Alveoli

Question 41

are clustered into an alveolar sac at the end of the bronchiole

Answer 41

Alveoli

Question 42

True or False **Carbon dioxide** diffuses from the alveoli to the blood in the capillary, while **oxygen** diffuses in the opposite direction

Answer 42

**False**: **Oxygen** diffuses from the alveoli to the blood in the capillary, while **carbon dioxide** diffuses in the opposite direction

Question 43

Diffusion of gases across the cell membrane requires a ____, but have a tendency to stick together

Answer 43

Moist membrane

Question 44

Scattered through the lung and they produce surfactant.

Answer 44

Septal cells

Question 45

It is a detergent-like fluid that moistens the alveoli but prevents the walls from sticking together during exhalation.

Answer 45

Surfactant

Question 46

True or False **Septal cells** begin **secreting surfactant** only during **last few weeks of pregnancy**, hence, **premature babies** often have **difficulty breathing**.

Answer 46

True

Question 47

It is administered to these premature infants during their first hours of life to help them survive

Answer 47

Artificial surfactant

Question 48

It patrols the alveoli. These immune cells remove any inhaled particles that escape the mucus and cilia of the conducting zone

Answer 48

Alveolar macrophages or Dust cells

Question 49

External air is brought into the depths of the respiratory system during this process

Answer 49

Inhalation

Question 50

Opposite movement of inhalation

Answer 50

Exhalation

Question 51

An active process that requires muscle contractions

Answer 51

Inhalation

Question 52

A passive process and allowing muscles to relax

Answer 52

Exhalation

Question 53

Muscles expand your thoracic cavity. Diaphragm contracts, it flattens out, causing the bottom of the thoracic cavity to drop. Intercostal muscles also contract, raising the ribs slightly

Answer 53

Inhalation

Question 54

The thoracic cavity returns to its original size. If you force it, as in sighing or yelling, you contract muscles that directly and indirectly shrink the thoracic cavity. In forcing it, the abdominal muscles contract, pushing the abdominal organs backward, upward, and into the diaphragm

Answer 54

Exhalation

Question 55

As you read this text, you are breathing at a steady rate. These constant, day-in, day-out breaths are called your

Answer 55

Resting rate

Question 56

It is governed by the medulla oblongata and the pons in the brain stem.

Answer 56

Respiratory rate

Question 57

Causes rhythmic contractions of the diaphragm, stimulating contraction for 2 seconds and allowing 3 seconds of rest.

Answer 57

Respiratory center in the medulla oblongata

Question 58

Sensory receptors that detect small changes in levels of specific chemicals, such as carbon dioxide.

Answer 58

Chemoreceptors

Question 59

The body can sense the levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood through _______ in the carotid artery and aorta.

Answer 59

Chemoreceptors

Question 60

True or False **Low carbon dioxide levels** immediately trigger an increase in the depth and rate of respiration. The chemoreceptors respond to a **10% decrease** in carbon dioxide levels by doubling the respiratory rate.

Answer 60

**False**: **High carbon dioxide** levels immediately trigger an increase in the depth and rate of respiration. The chemoreceptors respond to a **10% increase** in carbon dioxide levels by doubling the respiratory rate.

Question 61

The volume of each normal breath is called the ______ because it regularly flows in and out like the ocean tide.

Answer 61

Tidal volume (TV)

Question 62

During a “forced inhalation”, the average adult can inhale approximately 1,900 to 3,300 mL of additional air. This volume is called the?

Answer 62

Inspiration Reserve Volume (IRV)

Question 63

We can exhale much more than the 500mL tidal volume: up to 700 to 1,000 mL in the?

Answer 63

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Question 64

Measures the total volume of air your lungs can inhale and exhale in one huge breath, which is essentially the maximum amount of air your lungs can move in one respiratory cycle.

Answer 64

Vital capacity (VC)

Question 65

What is the formula of VC

Answer 65

VC = IRV + TV + ERV VC is the sum of IRV, TV and ERV

Question 66

The amount of air that remains in the lungs after forced expiration is allied the?

Answer 66

Residual Volume (RV)

Question 67

What is the formula of total lung capacity (TLC)?

Answer 67

TLC = RV (Residual volume) + VC (Vital capacity)