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Respiratory > Lung Cancer > Flashcards

Lung Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main types of lung cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Small cell lung cancer

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2
Q

Which type of lung cancer is associated with smoking?

A

Squamous cell lung cancer

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3
Q

What is the most common type of lung cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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4
Q

What is the most common type of lung cancer in non-smokers?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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5
Q

What are the main signs that would indicate lung cancer?

A
  • Persistent cough
  • Haemoptysis
  • Unintentional weight loss
  • Hoarse voice
  • Dyspnoea
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6
Q

What are some possible signs you might find on examination?

A
  • Fixed, monophonic wheeze
  • Supraclavicular lymphadenopathy or persistent cervical lymphadenopathy
  • clubbing
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7
Q

What lymphadenopathies might occur with lung cancer?

A

Supraclavicular lymphadenopathy

Persistent cervical lymphadenopathy

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8
Q

What features are associated with adenocarcinoma?

A
  • Gynaecomastia

* Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy

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9
Q

What features are associated with squamous cell carcinoma?

A
  • Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
  • Clubbing
  • Parathyroid hormone-related protein secretion causing hypercalcaemia,
  • Hyperthyroidism due to ectopic TSH
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10
Q

What features are associated with small cell lung cancer?

A
  • Usually central
  • ADH → hyponatraemia
  • ACTH → Cushing’s syndrome
  • Lamberton Eaton syndrome (weakness of limbs)
  • Hyponatraemia
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11
Q

What endocrine abnormalities are associated with squamous cell carcinoma?

A
  • Parathyroid hormone-related protein secretion causing hypercalcaemia,
  • Hyperthyroidism due to ectopic TSH
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12
Q

What endocrine abnormalities are associated with small cell lung cancer?

A
  • ADH → hyponatraemia

* ACTH → Cushing’s syndrome

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13
Q

What is the main feature of a Pancoast tumour?

A

Hoarseness of voice- supresses recurrent laryngeal nerve

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14
Q

What is a hoarse voice due to?

A

Suppression of the recurrent laryngeal nerve

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15
Q

How is a Pancoast tumour diagnosed?

A

CT chest

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16
Q

What is the first line investigation if you suspect lung cancer?

A

Chest x-ray

17
Q

What imaging would you use to investigate suspected lung cancer?

A

Contrast CT

18
Q

What is the investigation for getting a histological diagnosis?

A

Bronchoscopy with EBUS and biopsy

19
Q

What is the is a PET scan used for in someone with small cell lung cancer?

A

To establish eligibility for curative treatment

20
Q

What does a PET scan for small cell lung cancer use?

A

Uses 18-fluorodeoxygenase

21
Q

What imaging is used to investigate for metastasis?

A

PET-CT

22
Q

When would you refer someone urgently for a chest x-ray? (within 2 weeks)

A

If they are over 40 with
• persistent or recurrent chest infection
• finger clubbing
• supraclavicular lymphadenopathy or persistent cervical lymphadenopathy
• chest signs consistent with lung cancer
• thrombocytosis

23
Q

What might you find in the blood of someone with lung cancer?

A

Thrombocytosis- excess platelets

24
Q

What percentage of non-small cell lung cancer is suitable for surgery?

A

20%

25
Q

What is usually done before surgery for non-small cell lung cancer and why?

A

Mediastinoscopy-CT doesn’t always show mediastinal lymph node involvement

26
Q

What is the alternative to surgery for non-small cell lung cancer?

A

Curative or palliative radiotherapy

27
Q

What has no effect in the management of small cell lung cancer?

A

Chemotherapy

28
Q

What is the management of small cell lung cancer in the early stages?

A

Surgery (needs to be very early stages)

29
Q

Why is surgery not normally done for small cell lung cancer?

A

Because small cell lung cancer is diagnosed late

30
Q

What is usually used in the management of small cell lung cancer?

A

Chemotherapy and radiotherapy

31
Q

What are possible contraindications for lung cancer surgery?

A
  • SVC obstruction
  • FEV < 1.5
  • MALIGNANT pleural effusion
  • Vocal cord paralysis
32
Q

How common is lung cancer?

A

Third most common cancer behind breast and prostate

33
Q

Wha percentage of lung cancer is caused by smoking?

A

80%

34
Q

What syndromes is small cell lung cancer responsible for?

A

Paraneoplastic syndromes

35
Q

How is small cell lung cancer responsible for paraneoplastic sydromes?

A

Small cell lung cancer cells contain neurosecretory granules that can release neuroendocrine hormones

36
Q

What type of cavittaing lesions are now commonly seen in squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Cavitating lesions

Respiratory (47 decks)

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