Longer Sexism Controversy

Question 1

Sexism: Intro

Answer 1

Many psychological theories have a ‘male as norm’ perspective and an androcentric bias

There are also genuine gender differences which should be studies, not ignored

Question 2

Sexism: Gender Difference or Bias - 4 Points

Answer 2

Undergraduate Level
Alpha Bias
Beta Bias
Tavris

Question 3

Sexism: Gender Difference or Bias - Undergraduate Level

Answer 3

Female psychology students outnumber males 4-1

• Men are more likely to get a Masters / PhD because women use their degrees for jobs → nursing / psychologist

Question 4

Sexism: Gender Difference or Bias - Alpha Bias

Answer 4

Stereotypically ‘male’ or ‘female’ characteristics emphasised and exaggerated failed masculinity

• E.g. Freud - psychosexual stages; femininity = penis envy

Question 5

Sexism: Gender Difference or Bias - Beta Bias

Answer 5

Ignore & minimises differences

• E.g. male insights would be shared by females despite many may favour / have a bias towards the male perspective
  
  • Kohlberg studied men and all male researchers yet applied to all people

Question 6

Sexism: Gender Difference or Bias - Tavris

Answer 6

Men & women have the same mood swings but women have it classed as a disorder (PMS)

Men also have fluctuating hormone levels - seen as normal (hyper-testosterone syndrome)

Question 7

Sexism: Historical & Social Context - 5 Points

Answer 7

Bettlehiem (1965)
White m/c men & uni
Smith & Lloyd (1978)
Mondschein et al. (2000)
Racusin et al. (2012)

Question 8

Sexism: Historical & Social Context - Bettleheim

Answer 8

Women want to be wives and mothers before anything else

Question 9

Sexism: Historical & Social Context - White m/c men & uni

Answer 9

Psychology is dominated by white, m/c men so a lot of research is based on them

• More men in uni than women
• Strange because most undergraduate psychology students are female but they’re more likely to get a job or work for NHS while men progress to Masters / PhD

Question 10

Sexism: Historical & Social Context - Smith & Lloyd

Answer 10

Mothers presented with a child dressed as a girl or boy (& with corresponding name)

GENDER STEREOTYPES = REINFORCED

E.g. doll or hammer given

Question 11

Sexism: Historical & Social Context - Mondschein et al.

Answer 11

Mothers gave lower crawling expectations for girls but no difference was found

Question 12

Sexism: Historical & Social Context - Racusin et al.

Answer 12

Job applications name Jennifer perceived as less competent as John

• Stereotypes continue throughout life

Question 13

Sexism: Heterosexism & Androcentrism - Problem & 5 Points

Answer 13

Problematic when all ppts. are male & findings are generalised to all
Kohlberg
Milgram
Kobasa
Baker et al.
Wood & Duck

Question 14

Sexism: Heterosexism & Androcentrism - Kohlberg

Answer 14

chose to only use male ppts. because women are focussed on compassion & care as morals while men use law & justice principles

Question 15

Sexism: Heterosexism & Androcentrism - Milgram

Answer 15

Men are thought to be more aggressive than women so Milgram thought it sensible to use men for experiments

• Most of the death camp officers were male

Question 16

Sexism: Heterosexism & Androcentrism - Kobasa

Answer 16

Compared stress-related illness with hardiness in men; the more hardy ones got less ill

• Hardiness is more of a buffer against stress than exercise / sport in males

Question 17

Sexism: Heterosexism & Androcentrism - Baker et al.

Answer 17

Most studies of stress are androcentric but in Baker’s study, women showed some effects so does not always invalidate results

Question 18

Sexism: Heterosexism & Androcentrism - Wood & Duck

Answer 18

Gay, long-distance & online relationships are understudied in psychology

Question 19

Sexism: The ‘invisibility’ of Women in Psychology - Problem & 4 Points

Answer 19

First names are rarely used by researchers (e.g. Kobasa & Maddi)

Anna Freud
L&P
APA
Murphey et al.

Question 20

Sexism: The ‘invisibility’ of Women in Psychology - Anna Freud

Answer 20

Always in her father’s shadow but on her own was a psychoanalyst & worked therapeutically with children

• Wrote a book about ‘ego’ & ‘mechanisms of defence’
  
  • Both of which are always known as Freud’s theories

Question 21

Sexism: The ‘invisibility’ of Women in Psychology - L&P

Answer 21

1st names not used: Elizabeth Loftus

• In all of Milgram’s studies, only 40 women were used and there is no information about them

Question 22

Sexism: The ‘invisibility’ of Women in Psychology - APA

Answer 22

Top 100 psychologists of 20th century = only 6 women

Question 23

Sexism: The ‘invisibility’ of Women in Psychology - Murphy et al.

Answer 23

Women have stereotypes regarding gender and endorse male superiority