Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Dentistry Module 3 > Local Anaesthesia > Flashcards

Local Anaesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

what is anaesthesia

A

Anaesthesia: Loss of all sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is analgesia

A

Analgesia: loss of pain sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is local anaesthesia

A

Local anaesthesia: a method of anaesthesia that acts in a local area of the body and does not result un a loss of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

anaestheseia comes in 4 forms in dentistry what are they

A

topical

infiltration

reginal anaesthesia

supplementary techniques

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

when applying LA via infiltration, where is the target site

A

apex of tooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what determines infiltration effectiveness

A

determined by the permeability of the tissues (especially bone) through which the solution has to pass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

will infiltration mechanism work on very dense outer cortical bone with lidocaine

A

will not work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

will infiltration mechanism work on very dense outer cortical bone with articaine

A

may work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

why do divergent roots make infiltration harder

A

the divergent roots are further away from the point of injecting, making it harder for the LA to reach the apex of the root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which nerves are commonly blocked by a regional block anaesthesia

A
  • Inferior alveolar (dental)
  • Mental and incisive
  • Lingual
  • Long buccal
  • Greater palatine
  • Naso-palatine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is in a LA cartridge

A
  • usually 2.2ml or 1.8ml
  • anaesthetic agent (lidocaine, articane)
  • vasoconstrictor (adrenaline)
  • stabilizer/preservative
  • isotonic carrier medium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the biggest name of anaesthesia manufacturer

A

septodont

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

when a LA drug name ends with Plain, what does that indicate

A

no vasoconstrictor present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the function of the lipophilic head

A

Lipophilic head: the head is what combines to the phospholipid bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the function of the hydrophilic tail

A

Hydrophilic tail: having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the function of the intermediate chain

A

Intermediate chain: all local anaesthetic has an intermediate chain which links an amine to a aromatic ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the types Ester LA

A

procaine

benzocaine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the types of amide LA

A
  • Lidocaine
  • Prilocaine
  • Mepivacaine
  • Bupivacaine
  • Articane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how do local anaesthetics work

A
  • They work during action potentials, during the initial opening of the Na+ channels
  • Depolarisation
  • Reversibly block Na+ channels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
  • LA diffuses into the axon membrane (lipophilic head)
  • Compresses the channels, which then closes the sodium ion channels

is an example of what theory

A

membrane expansion theory

21
Q
  • LA passes through the phospholipid bilayer.
  • LA binds to the sodium channels
  • Inactivates the sodium ion channels

is an example of what theory

A

specific receptor theory

22
Q

what two states does a LA exist in

A

charged

uncharged

23
Q

what is the pKa of a drug

A

the pKa value is one method used to indicate the strength of an acid.

pKa is the negative log of the acid dissociation constant or Ka value.

The lower the value indicates, more the acid fully dissociates.

24
Q

what state must the LA be in to bind to the sodium channels

A

charged

25
Q

what state must the LA be in to pass through the axon membrane

A

uncharged

26
Q

which LA has a quicker onset and why

Lidocaine (pKa= 7.7)

procaine (pKa=9.1)

A

Lidocaine

if the LA has a low pKa value (range = 2-14) it will have an increase in more uncharged drugs this will allow the LA to pass through the nerve membrane rapidly.

27
Q

H+ ions determine the pH.

if there is a low pH (increase in H+), how will that affect the action of LA

A

an increase in H+ ions results in the excess binding of LA, which results in more charged particles.

this makes the speed of onset slow.

28
Q

which LA has a high lipid solubility

A

articaine

29
Q

which nerve types are easier to block

A

small nerves

30
Q

what are the types of LA

A

lidocaine

prilocaine

mepivacaine

bupivacaine

articaine

31
Q

what is articaines USP

A

diffusability

32
Q

what is the gold standard for LA

A

Lidocaine

33
Q

absorption of the drugs is dependant on what

A

dose

vasoactivity of a drug

vascularity of the tissue

vasodilator effect vs use of vasoconstrictor

34
Q

if a tissue is highly vascularised, how would that affect LA

A

ther will be an increase in uptake of the LA

35
Q

what is esterase

A

enzyme found in plasma and breaks down the ester bonds (the chain that links the aromatic head to the tail). The breaking down of the LA allows them to become smaller which results in the excretion of them.

36
Q

where is articaine metabolised

A

plasma

37
Q

where is prilocaine metabolised

A

lungs

38
Q

where is amidase base LA metabolised

A

liver

39
Q

what is the purpose of vasoconstrictors in LA

A
  • Increases speed of onset
  • Counteract vasodilatory effects of the LA agent
  • Extends duration of anaesthesia
  • Improves depth of anaesthesia
  • Lower blood levels of LA (blood flow reduced in site)
  • Reduced haemorrhage (bleeding)
40
Q

there are two types of vasoconstrictors, what are they

A
  • Sympathomimetic amines: adrenaline
  • Synthetic polypeptides: felypressin
41
Q

whats used as an antagonist to adrenaline

A

phentolamine

42
Q

what is the function of phentolamine

A

is used to reverse LA. It counteracts vasocontriction, which increases local blood flow and vasodilation = allowing LA to be taken up.

43
Q

what is the absolute maximum dose for Lidocaine

A

300mg

44
Q

when would you not use lidocaine/adrenaline

A

if patient has:

  • Unstable angina
  • Severe cardiac dysrhythmia
  • Allergy to any components
  • Avoid or reduce dose with other cardiac conditions
45
Q

which LA would you use if you wished to avoid adrenaline

A

prilocaine/octapressin

46
Q

which LA would you not use for someone pregnant

A

Octapressin

47
Q

what LA would be a good alternative to inferior alveolar blocks

A

Articaine

48
Q

when should you consider reducing the dose of LA

A
  • Liver disease – impaired metabolism
  • Beta blockers
  • Calcium channel blockers
  • Drug abuse
49
Q
A

Dentistry Module 3 (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions