Immunology Flashcards
what are the two major systems of immunity
Iinnate immunity
adaptive immunity
- is regarded as the first line of defence
- present at birth
- responds rapidly
- has no specificity
- has no memory
is an example of which immune system
innate immunity
what are the two barriers that comprises the innate immunity
physical
chemical
- Skin
- epithelial cell layer lining mucosal surfaces
- cilia in nasal passages and bronchi
are examples of what type of barrier
physical barrier
- Acidity in stomach – low Ph destroys bacteria/pathogen
- Alkaline secretions
- Lysozyme in tears– attacks outer membrane of bacteria
are examples of what type of barrier
chemical
Competition with commensal organisms (bacteria present already in the body) is considered as what type of barrier
biological barrier
why do the few pathogens that reach the large bowels struggle to cause an effect
they must compete with billions of harmless gut bacteria
cells of the innate immunity fall under the classification of what
leukocytes
where do monocytes circulate
blood and spleen
monocytes once recruited to tissue, what can they differentiate to
macrophage and dendritic cells
where do macrophages exist
in tissues
what do macrophages secrete to recruit other immune cells
chemokines, cytokines
where do macrophages go to to present antigens, once they have become and APC
local lymph node beds
neutrophils are present in the vasculature by what percentage
40 to 60%
where do neutrophils reside
mainly in the peripheral vasculature (veins and arteries)
how do NK cells identify infected host cells
MHC class 1
what is the function of NK cells
natural killer cells destroy infected host cells in order to stop the spread of an infection.
which condition often indicates the activity of eosinophils
parasitic infection, allergic reaction or cancer
what is the complement system
The complement system is a mechanism that complements other aspects of the immune response.
what is chemotaxis
Chemotaxis is the attraction and movement of macrophages to a chemical signal.
how does cell lysis occur
Lysis is the breaking down or destruction of the membrane of a cell. The proteins of the complement system puncture the membranes of foreign cells, destroying the integrity of the pathogen.
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what does chemotaxis use to bring other immune cells
cytokines and chemokines
how does agglutination work
Agglutination uses antibodies to cluster and bind pathogens together.
By bringing as many pathogens together in the same area, the cells of the immune system can mount an attack and weaken the infection.
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what is the function of interferons
The function of interferons is its ability to interfere with the inhibition of virus replication.
- Slow to start – known as the lag phase
- Adaptive – responds to particular, infections and works to fight it
- Highly specific – works for a specific bacterium
- Has memory – response is faster next time
- Recognition of self and non-self
- Humoral and cellular components that work in concert.
these are examples of what immune system
adaptive immune system
which type of immunity is this: is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by macromolecules found in extracellular fluids such as secreted antibodies, complement proteins, and certain antimicrobial peptides.
humoral immunity
which immunity is responisble for the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to antigen
cellular immunity
what is an antigen
Antigen: any substance which elicits an immune response
what is an epitope/antigenic determinant
Epitope/antigenic determinant: is the portion on the antigen that is recognised by the antibody receptors
where all immune cells derived from
- All immune cells derive from Haemopoietic stem cell which is present in the bone marrow.
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the common lymphoid precursor cell gives rise to which immune cells
B cells and NK cells
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/293/477/666/a_image_thumb.png?1573734248)
where must T cells mature before being released in to the blood stream
thymus
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can B cells, NK cells and T cells migrate to the tissue
yes
where are mast cells only located in
tissue
where are megakaryocytes produced
in the bone marrow
B cells, NK cells and T cells are part of what lineage
lymphoid lineage
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, erythrocytes and megakaryocytes to platelets, are part of lineage
myeloid linage
what is diapedesis
Adhere to endothelial cells lining blood vessels and squeeze between them to leave circulation and enter tissues.
what CD marker is found on Helper T cells
CD3, CD4
what CD marker is found on Cytotoxic T cells
CD3, CD8
what CD marker is found on B cells
CD19, CD20
what are the two function immunoglobulins provide
recognition
effector
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/293/478/719/a_image_thumb.png?1573737709)
where are the heavy chain located
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/293/487/336/a_image_thumb.png?1573737870)
where are the light chain located
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/293/487/440/a_image_thumb.png?1573737886)