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Dentistry Module 3 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two major systems of immunity

A

Iinnate immunity

adaptive immunity

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2
Q
  • is regarded as the first line of defence
  • present at birth
  • responds rapidly
  • has no specificity
  • has no memory

is an example of which immune system

A

innate immunity

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3
Q

what are the two barriers that comprises the innate immunity

A

physical

chemical

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4
Q
  • Skin
  • epithelial cell layer lining mucosal surfaces
  • cilia in nasal passages and bronchi

are examples of what type of barrier

A

physical barrier

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5
Q
  • Acidity in stomach – low Ph destroys bacteria/pathogen
  • Alkaline secretions
  • Lysozyme in tears– attacks outer membrane of bacteria

are examples of what type of barrier

A

chemical

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6
Q

Competition with commensal organisms (bacteria present already in the body) is considered as what type of barrier

A

biological barrier

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7
Q

why do the few pathogens that reach the large bowels struggle to cause an effect

A

they must compete with billions of harmless gut bacteria

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8
Q

cells of the innate immunity fall under the classification of what

A

leukocytes

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9
Q

where do monocytes circulate

A

blood and spleen

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10
Q

monocytes once recruited to tissue, what can they differentiate to

A

macrophage and dendritic cells

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11
Q

where do macrophages exist

A

in tissues

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12
Q

what do macrophages secrete to recruit other immune cells

A

chemokines, cytokines

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13
Q

where do macrophages go to to present antigens, once they have become and APC

A

local lymph node beds

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14
Q

neutrophils are present in the vasculature by what percentage

A

40 to 60%

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15
Q

where do neutrophils reside

A

mainly in the peripheral vasculature (veins and arteries)

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16
Q

how do NK cells identify infected host cells

A

MHC class 1

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17
Q

what is the function of NK cells

A

natural killer cells destroy infected host cells in order to stop the spread of an infection.

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18
Q

which condition often indicates the activity of eosinophils

A

parasitic infection, allergic reaction or cancer

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19
Q

what is the complement system

A

The complement system is a mechanism that complements other aspects of the immune response.

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20
Q

what is chemotaxis

A

Chemotaxis is the attraction and movement of macrophages to a chemical signal.

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21
Q

how does cell lysis occur

A

Lysis is the breaking down or destruction of the membrane of a cell. The proteins of the complement system puncture the membranes of foreign cells, destroying the integrity of the pathogen.

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22
Q

what does chemotaxis use to bring other immune cells

A

cytokines and chemokines

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23
Q

how does agglutination work

A

Agglutination uses antibodies to cluster and bind pathogens together.

By bringing as many pathogens together in the same area, the cells of the immune system can mount an attack and weaken the infection.

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24
Q

what is the function of interferons

A

The function of interferons is its ability to interfere with the inhibition of virus replication.

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25
Q
  • Slow to start – known as the lag phase
  • Adaptive – responds to particular, infections and works to fight it
  • Highly specific – works for a specific bacterium
  • Has memory – response is faster next time
  • Recognition of self and non-self
  • Humoral and cellular components that work in concert.

these are examples of what immune system

A

adaptive immune system

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26
Q

which type of immunity is this: is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by macromolecules found in extracellular fluids such as secreted antibodies, complement proteins, and certain antimicrobial peptides.

A

humoral immunity

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27
Q

which immunity is responisble for the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to antigen

A

cellular immunity

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28
Q

what is an antigen

A

Antigen: any substance which elicits an immune response

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29
Q

what is an epitope/antigenic determinant

A

Epitope/antigenic determinant: is the portion on the antigen that is recognised by the antibody receptors

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30
Q

where all immune cells derived from

A
  • All immune cells derive from Haemopoietic stem cell which is present in the bone marrow.
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31
Q

the common lymphoid precursor cell gives rise to which immune cells

A

B cells and NK cells

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32
Q

where must T cells mature before being released in to the blood stream

A

thymus

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33
Q

can B cells, NK cells and T cells migrate to the tissue

A

yes

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34
Q

where are mast cells only located in

A

tissue

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35
Q

where are megakaryocytes produced

A

in the bone marrow

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36
Q

B cells, NK cells and T cells are part of what lineage

A

lymphoid lineage

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37
Q

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, erythrocytes and megakaryocytes to platelets, are part of lineage

A

myeloid linage

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38
Q

what is diapedesis

A

Adhere to endothelial cells lining blood vessels and squeeze between them to leave circulation and enter tissues.

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39
Q

what CD marker is found on Helper T cells

A

CD3, CD4

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40
Q

what CD marker is found on Cytotoxic T cells

A

CD3, CD8

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41
Q

what CD marker is found on B cells

A

CD19, CD20

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42
Q
A
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43
Q

what are the two function immunoglobulins provide

A

recognition

effector

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44
Q

where are the heavy chain located

A
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45
Q

where are the light chain located

A
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46
Q

which region of the antibody has the recognition function

A

fab arms

binding to antigen with fab arms

47
Q

what is the function of the FC region

A

The fragment crystallizable region (Fc region) is the tail region of an antibody that interacts with cell surface receptors called Fc receptors and some proteins of the complement system.

This property allows antibodies to activate the immune system

48
Q

what are the two types of light chains

A

lambda

kappa

49
Q

which immunoglobulins structure is in the form of a pentamer

A

IgM

50
Q

which immunoglobulin is in the form of a diamer

A

IgA

51
Q

How do antibodies recognise millions of different antigens?

A

There are three hypervariable loops in each V domain, in this region there is allot of crossover, which causes specific binding site for antigen.

52
Q

what is the most abundant immunoglobulin in plasma

A

IgG

53
Q

how many subclasses of IgG are there

A
  • 4 subclasses – IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4
54
Q

which imunglobulin can cross placenta from mother to foetus

A
  • Only IgG class to cross placenta from mother to foetus – protects baby in first months of life
55
Q

which antibody is predominant in secondary response

A

IgG

56
Q

which immunoglobulin is to large to enter tissue

A

IgM

57
Q

which antibody is found during primary response

A

IgM

58
Q

The central protein of complement system is?

A

C3

59
Q

Deficient in C3 results in reccurent what

A

bacterial infections

60
Q

what enzyme cleaves C3 to form C3b and C3a

A

C3 Convertase

61
Q

what is C3b used for

A

opsonisation

62
Q

how does antigen recognition occur on a b cell

A

On B cells, antigen recognition is mediated by surface immunoglobulins

63
Q

how does antigen recognition occur on a t cell

A

On T cells, antigen recognition is mediated by T cell receptor (TCR)

64
Q

which chromose is MHC proteins are encoded in

A

large cluster of genes on chromosome 6

65
Q

where are Class 1 MHC expressed on

A

Class I: expressed on all nucleated cells including leucocytes.

66
Q

where are class 2 MHC expressed on

A

Class II: expressed only on leucocytes which present antigen to T Cells, such as monocytes.

67
Q

what must occur for a B cell to secrete antibodies

A

To secrete antibodies a B cell must be activated by binding antigen the differentiate into plasma cell

The antigen receptor on the B cells is the antibody that b cell is programmed to make.

68
Q

what is the first antibody class a B cell produces

A

IgM

69
Q

what is released after a CD4+ T cell binds to an antigen

A

the release of cytokines

70
Q

cytokines stimulate B cells to do what

A

produce antibodies

71
Q

which complement protein inititiates the classical pathway

A

c1q

72
Q

in the lectin pathway, which complement binds on to the sugars

A

manose binding lectin (MBL)

73
Q

other than manose binding lectin (MBL) which other complement binds on to the sugars on a pathogen

A

filcolin

74
Q

C4bC2a is also known as what

A

C3 convertase

75
Q

what converts c3 to c3b and c3a

A

c3 convertase

76
Q

how does the classical pathway create c3 converatse

A

once c1q has binded on to the antibodies

it cleaves C4 to C4b and C4a

C2a binds on to the C4b, cleaving in to C2a and C2b

this creates C4b2a = c3 convertase

77
Q

in the alternative pathway. the formation of c3 convertase occurs through factors B and D

what must happen to c3 complement first.

A

spontaneous hydrolysis of theoester bonds

78
Q

in the alternative pathway. the formation of c3 convertase occurs through factors B and D

what happens to C3 after it becomes hydrolysed

A

it becomes iC3 and Factor B attaches to it

79
Q

in the alternative pathway. the formation of c3 convertase occurs through factors B and D

what happens to C3 after factor B has binded on to it

A

it is cleaved by factor D which results in the formation of a C3b which attaches covalently to the pathogen

80
Q

C3b plays a vital role in the destruction of pathogens.

C3b cleaves which complement to help macrophages engulf pathogen

A

c3b cleaves C5 to C5b and C5a

C5a later binds on to C5a receptors on macrophages which initiate phagocytosis

81
Q

Lysis of a pathogen occurs through the formation of a MAC. which complements are envolved in the formation of the MAC

A

C5b, C6, C7, C8 and C9

82
Q

what role does C5a play in the complement system

A

plays the role as chemotaxis and amplifies the imune response

83
Q

C3a and C5a are known as anaphylatoxins

what do C3a bind to, to release histamine.

A

mast cells

84
Q

which complement triggers phagocyte chemotaxis

A

C5a

85
Q

which inhibitor controls the classical pathway

A

C1 inhibitor

86
Q

which factors inhibit the alternative pathway

A

factor I

factor H

CR1

87
Q

in humans MHC molecules are referred to as what

A

HLA (human leucocyte antigens)

88
Q

which MHC has two chains

A

class 2

alpha and beta chain

89
Q

what do B cell use as receptors to detect antigens on their surface

A

cell surface antibody

90
Q

what do T cell use as receptors to detect antigens on their surface

A

T cell receptor (TCR)

91
Q

what has to occur for a specific lymphocyte to undergo clonal expansion

A

binding of antigen

92
Q

which CD marker do both T cell and cytotoxic T cells possess

A

C3

93
Q

there are 4 classification of hypersensitivity.

which classifications are antibody mediated

A

types 1,2,3 - antibody mediated

type 4 - mediated by T cells and macrophages

94
Q

type 1 is immediate hypersensitivity, which responds to innocuous environmental antigens.

which Ig responds to type 1 Hypersensitivity

A

IgE

IgE binds to Fc receptors on mast cells, which release inflammatory mediators, producing acute inflammatory reactions

95
Q

avoidance

sodium chromoglycate -stabalises mast cells

anti-histamines

desensitisation

the above are all treatment methods for which hypersensitivity

A

type 1

96
Q

what are severe type 1 reactions called

A

anaphylactic shock

97
Q

what must be given immediatley to treat anaphylactic shock

A

adrenaline

98
Q

type 2 hypersensitivity occurs after how many hours after exposure to antigen

A

12-18 hours

99
Q

which type of sensitivity occurs when IgM or IgM bind to either a self-antigen or a foreign antigen on cells

A

type 2 sensitivity

100
Q

incompatible blood transfussion reactions is an example of which hypersensitivity type

A

type 2

101
Q

haemolytic disease of the new born, is an example of which hypersensitivity reaction

A

type 2

102
Q

extrinsic allergic alveolitis is an example of which hypersensitivity type

A

type 3

103
Q

type 3 sensitivity occurs after how many hours

A

18-24 hours

104
Q

type 3 sensitivity is mediated by persistence and deposition of what?

A

antibody-antigen immune complexes

105
Q

how long does it take for type 4 hypersensitivity to take action

A

48-72 hours

106
Q

what is thyroglobulin

A

Thyroglobulin (Tg) acts as a substrate for the synthesis of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3),

107
Q

Constant stimulation of your thyroid to release more hormones may cause the gland to become enlarged, a condition known as a goiter

this is caused by what autoimmune disease

A

hashimoto thyroiditis

108
Q

automine disease is either organ specific or non-organ specific

which organs does autoimmune diseases affect

A

thyroid

stomach

adrenal

pancreas

109
Q

what is the name of the non specific autoimmune disease which can affect all regions of the body

A

SLE - Systemic lupus erythematosus

110
Q

what role does anti-TSH receptor antibody play in graves disease

A

the anti-TSH receptor antibody binds on to the TSH receptor which causes the thyroid gland to produce too much thyroid hormone, which is called hyperthyroidism

111
Q

what type of hypersensitivity reaction would SLE be

A

type 3

112
Q

Sjögren’s syndrome is characterised by a llymphocytic infiltrate in salivary and lacrimal glands.

what dental complications can this cause

A

dental caries and oral candida

113
Q

dry lips

dry and lobulated tongue

caries

the above are characteristics of which autoimune disease that affects the salivary and lacrimal glands

A

sjogrens syndrome

114
Q
A

Dentistry Module 3 (33 decks)

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