LO8

Question 1

cellular respiration is ________ and ________

Answer 1

catabolic and exergonic

Question 2

glucose is ______ in aerobic respiration

Answer 2

oxidized

Question 3

the free energy released during catabolism powers

Answer 3

ATP synthase

Question 4

oxygens acts as an electron ________

Answer 4

acceptor

Question 5

summary equation of aerobic respiration

Answer 5

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Question 6

H2O is formed when O2 accepts H atoms from _____

Answer 6

glucose

Question 7

oxygen is _____ in aerobic respiration

Answer 7

reduced

Question 8

aerobic respiration produces _____ ATP molecules per glucose molecule

Answer 8

36-38`

Question 9

Four stages of aerobic respiration

Answer 9

glycolysis, formation of acA, citric acid cycle, and electron transport and chemiosmosis

Question 10

in eukaryotes glycolysis occurs in the ________ and is ________

Answer 10

cytosol; anaerobic

Question 11

in eukaryotes all other stages of aerobic respiration occur in the _______ and are _________

Answer 11

mitochondria; aerobic

Question 12

Eukaryotes: formation of acetyl CoA and citric acid cycle occur in the ______ of the mitochondria

Answer 12

matrix`

Question 13

Eukaryotes: The electron transport train and chemiosmosis occur on the ______ of the mitochondria

Answer 13

cristae

Question 14

definition: the coupling of the diffusion of H+ ions across a membrane to the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

Answer 14

chemiosmosis

Question 15

Prokaryotes: glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA and citric acid cycle occur in the _______

Answer 15

cytosol

Question 16

Prokaryotes: ETC and chemiosmosis always require a membrane and occur on the ________________

Answer 16

plasma membrane

Question 17

glycolysis splits glucose into ___________

Answer 17

2 pyruvates

Question 18

pyruvate is also written as

Answer 18

G3P

Question 19

initial reactions involved in glucose catabolism are actually endergonic and must be coupled with

Answer 19

the hydrolysis of ATP

Question 20

____ ATP molecules are are used to phosphorylate glucose in two seperate reactions

Answer 20

2

Question 21

phase 1 of glycolysis summary equation

Answer 21

glucose + 2 ATP –> 2 G3P + 2ADP

Question 22

in the second phase of glycolysis G3P is converted to

Answer 22

pyruvate

Question 23

___ total ATP are produced during glycolysis by substrate level phosphoraylation

Answer 23

4

Question 24

definition: when a phosphate group is transferred to ADP from an intermediate in the pathway forming ATP

Answer 24

substrate level phosphorylation

Question 25

phase 2 of glycolysis summary equation

Answer 25

2 G3P + 2 NAD+ + 4 ADP --> 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 4 ATP

Question 26

formation of acetyl CoA converts ________ to _________

Answer 26

pyruvate to acetyl CoA

Question 27

each 3-C pyruvate goes through decarboxylation and becomes

Answer 27

2-C acetyl molecule

Question 28

_____ is produced as each 2-C acetyl molecules is oxidized

Answer 28

NADH

Question 29

each acetyl molecule attaches to _____________ forming acetyl CoA

Answer 29

coenzyme A

Question 30

definition: a cofactor needed to transfer each acetyl group to the citric acid cycle

Answer 30

Coenzyme A

Question 31

Equation: formation of acetyl CoA

Answer 31

2 pyruvate + 2 NAD+ + 2 CoA --> 2 acetyl CoA + 2 NADH + 2 CO2

Question 32

citric acid cycle ________ acetyl groups

Answer 32

oxidized

Question 33

citric acid cycle starts with ____________ releasing its 2-C acetyl group

Answer 33

coenzyme A

Question 34

The ________ binds with a _______ to from 6-C citrate

Answer 34

2-C acetyl; 4-C oxaloacetate

Question 35

citric acid cycles _____ per glucose

Answer 35

twiice

Question 36

Citric Acid Cycle: glucose is completely ________

Answer 36

oxidized

Question 37

In one citrate cycles what reactions occur

Answer 37

1. carboxyl group is removed 2. 3 NADH and 1 FADH2 are formed 3.1 ATP is produced by substate-level phosphorylation 4. 4-C oxaloacetate is regenerated

Question 38

ETC made up of _____ that can exist in an oxidized or reduced state

Answer 38

membrane proteins

Question 39

ETC Steps

Answer 39

1. Complex 1 accepts e- from NADH and Complex II accepts e- from FADH2 2. Complex 1 and II transfer electrons to Complex III via mobile electron carrier 3.Complex 3 transfers electrons Complex IV via a mobile electron carrier 4. complex IV passes low energy electrons to O2

Question 40

mobile electron carrier that transfers complex I and II

Answer 40

coenzyme Q

Question 41

mobile electron carrier that transfers from Complex III to IV

Answer 41

cytochrome c

Question 42

O2 is the _________ of aerobic respiration

Answer 42

final electron acceptor

Question 43

ETC makes the ___________

Answer 43

proton concentration gradient

Question 44

electron flow during the ETC is couples to ____________

Answer 44

proton pumping

Question 45

high energy electrons of NADH and FADH2 ___________ as they are passed through the complexes of the ETC

Answer 45

lose free energy

Question 46

ETC Is an ________ process

Answer 46

exergonic

Question 47

the exergonic process of ETC is used to pump ____________ across the cristae from the matrix --> the intermembrane space

Answer 47

hydrogen ions

Question 48

a portion of complexes I, III, IV functions as a __________

Answer 48

proton pump

Question 49

the proton gradient formed during the ETC allows for _________ from the intermembrane space

Answer 49

proton diffusion

Question 50

inner membrane is ___________ to protons

Answer 50

impermeable

Question 51

protons only cross through membrane through a __________ in ATP synthase

Answer 51

proton channel

Question 52

definition: protein complex in the cristae that also contains the active site for catalyzing the reaction ADP + P -->ATP

Answer 52

ATP synthase

Question 53

anabolisms of ATP is endergonic but it is powered by ______ of protons

Answer 53

exergonic diffusion

Question 54

_________ ATP are made per glucose by oxidative phorphorylation

Answer 54

32-34`

Question 55

definition: mechanism by which ATP is made by being couples to the redox reactions of the ETC

Answer 55

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 56

definition: biological process that removes amino groups from molecules

Answer 56

deamination

Question 57

STEPS: proteins can be broken down to produce ATP

Answer 57

1. amino acids must be deaminated first 2. NH2 is removed and excreted as waste 3. remaining carbon backbones are converted to various intermediates

Question 58

STEPS: triglycerides can be broken down to produce ATP

Answer 58

1. glycerol is phosphorylated to G3P and enters glycolysis 2. fatty acids are oxidized and split into multiple 2-C acetyl groups - each enter the citric acid cycle

Question 59

Fats contain ____ energy than glucose or amino acids

Answer 59

more

Question 60

fermentation is an _________ process

Answer 60

anaerobic

Question 61

fermentation produces _____ during glycolysis

Answer 61

ATP

Question 62

during fermentation only _____ ATP are made

Answer 62

2

Question 63

during fermentation ATP is made through _________ phosphorylation

Answer 63

substrate level

Question 64

fermentation steps

Answer 64

once pyruvate is produced at the end of glycolysis 1. NADH is converted back to NAD+ it is made by transferring an H from NADH

Question 65

two types of fermentation

Answer 65

lactic acids and alcoholic fermentation

Question 66

_____ uses alcoholic fermentation when deprived of oxygen

Answer 66

yeast

Question 67

what happens during alcoholic fermentation at the end of glycolysis

Answer 67

pyruvate is split into 2-C ethyl alcohol and CO2

Question 68

what happens during lactic acid fermentation

Answer 68

pyruvate is converted to 3-C lactate

Question 69

__________________use lactic acid fermentation if O2 is unavailable

Answer 69

vertebrae muscle cells