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Biology I > LO8 > Flashcards

LO8 Flashcards

1
Q

cellular respiration is ________ and ________

A

catabolic and exergonic

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2
Q

glucose is ______ in aerobic respiration

A

oxidized

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3
Q

the free energy released during catabolism powers

A

ATP synthase

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4
Q

oxygens acts as an electron ________

A

acceptor

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5
Q

summary equation of aerobic respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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6
Q

H2O is formed when O2 accepts H atoms from _____

A

glucose

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7
Q

oxygen is _____ in aerobic respiration

A

reduced

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8
Q

aerobic respiration produces _____ ATP molecules per glucose molecule

A

36-38`

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9
Q

Four stages of aerobic respiration

A

glycolysis, formation of acA, citric acid cycle, and electron transport and chemiosmosis

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10
Q

in eukaryotes glycolysis occurs in the ________ and is ________

A

cytosol; anaerobic

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11
Q

in eukaryotes all other stages of aerobic respiration occur in the _______ and are _________

A

mitochondria; aerobic

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12
Q

Eukaryotes: formation of acetyl CoA and citric acid cycle occur in the ______ of the mitochondria

A

matrix`

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13
Q

Eukaryotes: The electron transport train and chemiosmosis occur on the ______ of the mitochondria

A

cristae

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14
Q

definition: the coupling of the diffusion of H+ ions across a membrane to the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

A

chemiosmosis

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15
Q

Prokaryotes: glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA and citric acid cycle occur in the _______

A

cytosol

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16
Q

Prokaryotes: ETC and chemiosmosis always require a membrane and occur on the ________________

A

plasma membrane

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17
Q

glycolysis splits glucose into ___________

A

2 pyruvates

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18
Q

pyruvate is also written as

A

G3P

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19
Q

initial reactions involved in glucose catabolism are actually endergonic and must be coupled with

A

the hydrolysis of ATP

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20
Q

____ ATP molecules are are used to phosphorylate glucose in two seperate reactions

A

2

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21
Q

phase 1 of glycolysis summary equation

A

glucose + 2 ATP –> 2 G3P + 2ADP

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22
Q

in the second phase of glycolysis G3P is converted to

A

pyruvate

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23
Q

___ total ATP are produced during glycolysis by substrate level phosphoraylation

A

4

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24
Q

definition: when a phosphate group is transferred to ADP from an intermediate in the pathway forming ATP

A

substrate level phosphorylation

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25
Q

phase 2 of glycolysis summary equation

A

2 G3P + 2 NAD+ + 4 ADP –> 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 4 ATP

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26
Q

formation of acetyl CoA converts ________ to _________

A

pyruvate to acetyl CoA

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27
Q

each 3-C pyruvate goes through decarboxylation and becomes

A

2-C acetyl molecule

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28
Q

_____ is produced as each 2-C acetyl molecules is oxidized

29
Q

each acetyl molecule attaches to _____________ forming acetyl CoA

A

coenzyme A

30
Q

definition: a cofactor needed to transfer each acetyl group to the citric acid cycle

A

Coenzyme A

31
Q

Equation: formation of acetyl CoA

A

2 pyruvate + 2 NAD+ + 2 CoA –> 2 acetyl CoA + 2 NADH + 2 CO2

32
Q

citric acid cycle ________ acetyl groups

33
Q

citric acid cycle starts with ____________ releasing its 2-C acetyl group

A

coenzyme A

34
Q

The ________ binds with a _______ to from 6-C citrate

A

2-C acetyl; 4-C oxaloacetate

35
Q

citric acid cycles _____ per glucose

36
Q

Citric Acid Cycle: glucose is completely ________

37
Q

In one citrate cycles what reactions occur

A
  1. carboxyl group is removed
  2. 3 NADH and 1 FADH2 are formed
    3.1 ATP is produced by substate-level phosphorylation
  3. 4-C oxaloacetate is regenerated
38
Q

ETC made up of _____ that can exist in an oxidized or reduced state

A

membrane proteins

39
Q

ETC Steps

A
  1. Complex 1 accepts e- from NADH and Complex II accepts e- from FADH2
  2. Complex 1 and II transfer electrons to Complex III via mobile electron carrier
    3.Complex 3 transfers electrons Complex IV via a mobile electron carrier
  3. complex IV passes low energy electrons to O2
40
Q

mobile electron carrier that transfers complex I and II

A

coenzyme Q

41
Q

mobile electron carrier that transfers from Complex III to IV

A

cytochrome c

42
Q

O2 is the _________ of aerobic respiration

A

final electron acceptor

43
Q

ETC makes the ___________

A

proton concentration gradient

44
Q

electron flow during the ETC is couples to ____________

A

proton pumping

45
Q

high energy electrons of NADH and FADH2 ___________ as they are passed through the complexes of the ETC

A

lose free energy

46
Q

ETC Is an ________ process

47
Q

the exergonic process of ETC is used to pump ____________ across the cristae from the matrix –> the intermembrane space

A

hydrogen ions

48
Q

a portion of complexes I, III, IV functions as a __________

A

proton pump

49
Q

the proton gradient formed during the ETC allows for _________ from the intermembrane space

A

proton diffusion

50
Q

inner membrane is ___________ to protons

A

impermeable

51
Q

protons only cross through membrane through a __________ in ATP synthase

A

proton channel

52
Q

definition: protein complex in the cristae that also contains the active site for catalyzing the reaction ADP + P –>ATP

A

ATP synthase

53
Q

anabolisms of ATP is endergonic but it is powered by ______ of protons

A

exergonic diffusion

54
Q

_________ ATP are made per glucose by oxidative phorphorylation

55
Q

definition: mechanism by which ATP is made by being couples to the redox reactions of the ETC

A

oxidative phosphorylation

56
Q

definition: biological process that removes amino groups from molecules

A

deamination

57
Q

STEPS: proteins can be broken down to produce ATP

A
  1. amino acids must be deaminated first
  2. NH2 is removed and excreted as waste
  3. remaining carbon backbones are converted to various intermediates
58
Q

STEPS: triglycerides can be broken down to produce ATP

A
  1. glycerol is phosphorylated to G3P and enters glycolysis
  2. fatty acids are oxidized and split into multiple 2-C acetyl groups
    - each enter the citric acid cycle
59
Q

Fats contain ____ energy than glucose or amino acids

60
Q

fermentation is an _________ process

61
Q

fermentation produces _____ during glycolysis

62
Q

during fermentation only _____ ATP are made

63
Q

during fermentation ATP is made through _________ phosphorylation

A

substrate level

64
Q

fermentation steps

A

once pyruvate is produced at the end of glycolysis
1. NADH is converted back to NAD+
it is made by transferring an H from NADH

65
Q

two types of fermentation

A

lactic acids and alcoholic fermentation

66
Q

_____ uses alcoholic fermentation when deprived of oxygen

67
Q

what happens during alcoholic fermentation at the end of glycolysis

A

pyruvate is split into 2-C ethyl alcohol and CO2

68
Q

what happens during lactic acid fermentation

A

pyruvate is converted to 3-C lactate

69
Q

__________________use lactic acid fermentation if O2 is unavailable

A

vertebrae muscle cells

Biology I (15 decks)

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