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Biology I > LO7 > Flashcards

LO7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Definition: energy

A

the capacity to do work

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2
Q

energy is used when work is performed

A

kinetic energy

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3
Q

sodium potassium pump is an example of

A

kinetic energy

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4
Q

capacity to do work

A

potential energy

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5
Q

concentration gradients are an exmaple of

A

potential energy

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6
Q

energy cannot be created or destroyed only converted from one form to another

A

first law of thermodynamics

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7
Q

capture energy from their environment and convert it to a usable form

A

open systems

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8
Q

organisms are _____ systems

A

open

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9
Q

photosynthesis is an example of an _______ system

A

open

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10
Q

living organisms are highly ordered which also means they have a low ______

A

entropy

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11
Q

as energy conversions occur in living organisms, energy is ____ in the form of heat

A

lost

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12
Q

entropy is continuously increasing

A

second law of thermodynamics

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13
Q

definition: entropy

A

disorder/randomness

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14
Q

sum of all chemical reactants

A

metabolism

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15
Q

G

A

free energy

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16
Q

definition: free energy

A

the amount of energy available to do cellular work

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17
Q

exergonic reactions are those that ______ free energy

A

release

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18
Q

in exergonic reactions products have ______ free energy than the reactants

A

less

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19
Q

exergonic reactions have a ________ value

A

negative change in free energy

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20
Q

definition: catabolic reaction

A

break down larger molecules into smaller ones through hydrolysis reactions

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21
Q

catabolic reactions are typically ______ reactions

A

exergonic

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22
Q

______ reactions require free energy

A

endergonic reactions

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23
Q

have a +free energy value

A

endergonic reactions

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24
Q

in endergonic products have ______ free energy than the reactants

A

more

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25
Q

synthesize larger molecules from smaller ones through condensations reactions

A

anabolic reactants

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26
Q

anabolic reactions are typically ______ reactions

A

endergonic

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27
Q

endergonic reactions can be powered by _____

A

ATP

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28
Q

ATP provides energy to other molecules by ________________ to another molecule

A

transferring the 3rd phosphate group

29
Q

endergonic reactions can be powered by ___________

A

electrons

30
Q

energy of electrons is transferred from one molecule to another

A

redox reactions

31
Q

NAHD is the _____ form

A

reduced

32
Q

NAD+ is the ________ form

A

oxidized

33
Q

electron acceptor molecules become _____ when they accept electrons

A

reduced

34
Q

enzymes are ________________

A

biological catalysts

35
Q

definition: catalysts

A

speed up chemical reactions

36
Q

biological catalysts include

A

protein enzymes and RNA molecules(ribosomes)

37
Q

enzymes are ________ specific

A

highly

38
Q

definition: where the specific reactant molecule binds to an enzyme

A

active site

39
Q

enzymes only catalyze _______ reactions

A

exergonic

40
Q

enzymes work by __________ the activation energy

A

lowering

41
Q

definition: activation energy

A

energy required to break the bonds of the reactant molecules

42
Q

How do enzymes reduce the activation energy?

A

by bringing the reactant molecules close together and putting strain on their bonds

43
Q

definition: substrates

A

reactant molecules

44
Q

enzyme-catalyzed reaction steps

A
  1. substrate molecules binds to an enzyme’s active site
  2. unstable enzyme-substrate complex is formed
  3. substrate is converted into one or more products
  4. enzyme is recycle and can catalyze that reaction again
45
Q

definition: induced fit

A

when the enzyme and substrate bind

46
Q

hydrolysis reactions are _______ reactions

A

exergonic

47
Q

as temperature increases, catalytic activity _______ until an enzyme denatures

A

increases

48
Q

defintion: denaturation

A

enzyme unfolds and becomes nonfunctional

49
Q

where structures are broken when an enzyme denatures?

A

2°, 3°, and 4° structure

50
Q

many enzymes require ________ to function

A

cofactors

51
Q

most trace elements function as ________ by binding to and activating specific enzymes

A

cofactors

52
Q

definition: products of one enzymatic reaction controls the activity of another enzyme in the pathway

A

feedback inhibition

53
Q

definition: a molecule binds to an enzyme at a site other than its active site

A

allosteric regulation

54
Q

definition: makes substrate binding possible

A

activation

55
Q

definition: preventing substate binding

A

deactivation

56
Q

definition: molecule temporarily. binds to an enzyme’s active site and competes with sites normal substrate

A

competitive inhibition

57
Q

definition: permanently binds to an enzyme at its active site or elsewhere making the enzyme nonfunctional

A

irreversible inhibition

58
Q

Law: living organisms can exchange energy with their environment

A

first law of thermodynamics

59
Q

disorder is increasing

A

second law of thermodynamics

60
Q

condensation reactions are ________ reactions

A

endergonic

61
Q

components of an ATP molecule are

A

adenine, a nitrogenous base, ribose, purine, a five carbon monosaccharide, phosphate groups

62
Q

redox reactions in cells usually involve the transfer of a _______ rather than just an electron

A

hydrogen atom

63
Q

NADH is the _________ form of NAD+

A

reduced

64
Q

NADH has _______________ than NAD+

A

more energy and electrons

65
Q

____________ may be RNA molecules

A

enzymes

66
Q

activation energy of a reaction begins reaction by using energy to ______________________

A

break existing chemical bonds of reactants

67
Q

Steps of an enzyme catalyzed reaction

A
  1. substrate molecules bind to enzymes active site
  2. unstable enzyme substrate complex is formed
  3. enzyme and substrate undergo shape change known as induced fit
  4. substrate converted into one or more products
  5. Products released from enzyme
  6. enzyme recycled
68
Q

enzymes typically denature at high or low pH because the _________ of their _______- are altered

A

ionic bonds; tertiary and quaternary

69
Q

cAMP regulates a kinase enzyme by

A

removing an allosteric inhibitor from kinase, thus activating it

Biology I (15 decks)

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