LO6 Flashcards

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1
Q

cell signaling includes four steps

A
  1. signal transmission
  2. reception
  3. signal transduction
  4. response
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2
Q

when a cell sends a signal in the form of a chemical molecule (a hormone) to another cell

A

signal transmission

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3
Q

when a target cell receives a chemical molecule

A

reception

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4
Q

involves complex intracellular pathways that allow the signal to be processed internally

A

signal transduction

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5
Q

the target cell’s ultimate response to the signal

A

response

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6
Q

has a receptor that can bind with a specific signal molecule

A

target cell

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7
Q

signal molecules are usually _____ and can’t cross the plasma membranes

A

hydrophilic

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8
Q

cells synthesize and secrete signal molecules that are received by target cells

A

signal transmission

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9
Q

steroid hormones are ______ and cant cross plasma membranes

A

hydrophobic

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10
Q

protein hormones are ______ and cant cross plasma membranes

A

hydrophilic

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11
Q

if the transmitting cell and target cell are not in close proximity, the signal molecule

A

must be transported

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12
Q

signal molecule also known as a

A

ligand

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13
Q

the receptor is usually an

A

integral plasma membrane protein

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14
Q

receptors are synthesized and degraded by

A

lysosomes

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15
Q

receptors for hydrophpic signal molecules are

A

intracellular in the cytosol or nucleus

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16
Q

signal transduction is _____ to _____ signaling

A

extracellular to intracellular

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17
Q

during ______ information carried by an extracellular signal molecule is converted into an intracellular signal

A

signal transduction

18
Q

intracellular domain of a receptor is altered due to

A

ligand binding

19
Q

activates a G protein activates the enzyme

A

adenylyl cyclase

20
Q

adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the formation of the

A

second messenger cAMP

21
Q

small molecules produced in large quantities that help relay and amplify the signal inside a cell

A

second messengers

22
Q

during the signal transduction process the signal is _______

A

amplified

23
Q

cAMP activates a

A

protein kinase

24
Q

enzymes that activate other proteins by phosphorylating them

A

kinases

25
Q

adding a P group

A

phosphorylating

26
Q

enzymes that remove P groups from proteins, typically deactivating them

A

phosphatases

27
Q

cholera is a disease caused by _________ cell signals

A

unterminated

28
Q

What happens when you have cholera

A
  1. cholera toxin bind to G protein linked receptors
  2. Results in the production of too many cAMP that activates too many protein kinases
  3. kinases control chloride ion channel, allowing too many chloride ions to leave the cells
  4. water follow by osmosis resultingi n severe diarrhea and dehydration
29
Q

motor neurons release the nuerotransmitter

A

acetylcholine(ACh)

30
Q

Binding opens Na+ channels which may result in

A

muscle contraction

31
Q

ion channels can

A

open or close

32
Q

enzyme activity may

A

be changed

33
Q

genes can be

A

activated or repressed

34
Q

binding activates enzymes that assemble

A

microfilament

35
Q

_____ hormones convey information to a target cell without crossing the plasma membrane of the target cell

A

protein

36
Q

_______ are receptor proteins that bind to DNA and regulate gene expression upon activation

A

transcription factors

37
Q

amplify a signal

A

second messengers

38
Q

_____ messengers are found inside a cell

A

second

39
Q

could be cAMP

A

second messengers

40
Q

________ domain transmits the signal to the inside of the cell

A

intracellular

41
Q

_______ domain for binding of the ligand

A

extracellular