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Biology I > LO12 > Flashcards

LO12 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe Griffith’s experiment.

A

Showed that some material could be transferred from disease-causing bacterial strains (S cells) to non infected strains (R cells) which transformed the R cells into S cells

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2
Q

What was the contribution of Avery and his colleagues to Griffith’s experiment?

A

Showed that the transforming material was DNA

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3
Q

Griffith’s and Avery’s work showed that DNA was the genetic material in which group of organisms?

A

prokaryotes (bacteria)

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4
Q

What did Hershey and Chase’s experiment show?

A

That DNA was the genetic materials in bacteriophages

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5
Q

definition: viruses that infect bacteria

A

bacteriophages

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6
Q

How did Hershey and Chase demonstrate that DNA was the genetic material and not proteins?

A

They radioactively labelled both the proteins and DNA to which entered the bacteria cells

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7
Q

Watson and Crick proposed what model of DNA?

A

Double helix model of DNA

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8
Q

What was Watson and Cricks model based on?

A

Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray diffraction images of DNA

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9
Q

What is X-ray diffraction used for?

A

to determine the distance between atoms in a molecule

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10
Q

Watson, Crick, and Maurice Wilkins won what?

A

The nobel prize for discovering the structure of DNA

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11
Q

What was initially wrong with Watson and Crick’s first model of DNA?

A

They placed the bases on the outside and the sugar-phosphate backbone on the inside

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12
Q

Meselson and Stahl confirmed what?

A

The semiconservative mode of replication

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13
Q

What was Meselson and Stahl’s experiment?

A

They used different N isotopes to show that the double helix produced had one parent strand and a new daughter strand

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14
Q

What monomers make up a single strand of DNA?

A

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

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15
Q

What are the three parts of a monomer?

A

pentose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

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16
Q

What are the two purine bases?

A

adenine and guanine

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17
Q

What are the two pyrimidine bases?

A

cytosine and thymine

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18
Q

What is the 1’ Carbon connected to?

A

nitrogenous base

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19
Q

What is the 2’ Carbon connected to?

A

hydroxyl group

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20
Q

What is the 3’ Carbon connected to?

A

-OH group

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21
Q

What is the 5’ Carbon connected to?

A

Phosphate group

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22
Q

What is found at the 5’ end of a DNA molecule?

A

exposed phosphate group

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23
Q

What is found at the 3’ end of a DNA molecule?

A

exposed -OH group

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24
Q

What is the name of the bond joins nucleotides together in a single strand?

A

phosphodiester bond

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25
Q

What type of bond is a phosphodiester bond?

A

covalent bond

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26
Q

Where does the phosphodiester bond form?

A

3’ Carbon of one sugar molecule and 5’ Carbon of another

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27
Q

What bond forms the double helix?

A

hydrogen bonds

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28
Q

DNA strands are what?

A

antiparallel and complementary

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29
Q

What does antiparallel mean?

A

One strand is 5–>3 and the other is 3–>5

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30
Q

Cargaff determined what?

A

base pair rules

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31
Q

Adenine and Thymine are joined by how many hydrogen bonds?

A

2

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32
Q

Cytosine and Guanine are joined by how many hydrogen bonds?

A

3 bonds

33
Q

definition: breaks down hydrogen bonds at one or more origins of replication

A

DNA helicase

34
Q

definition: stabilizes unwound DNA and prevents reforming of hydrogen bonds and DNA from being degraded

A

Single-strand binding proteins (SSB)

35
Q

definition: relieves tension as DNA is unwound

A

Topoisomerase

36
Q

Which enzyme forms replication forks?

A

DNA helicase

37
Q

What does it mean for DNA replication to be bidirectional?

A

The process of replication happens at the same time in opp directions

38
Q

How many replication forks are formed at each origin of replication?

A

two

39
Q

definition: break and rejoin DNA strand to prevent supercoiling

A

topoisomerases

40
Q

What enzyme begins replication?

A

DNA helicase

41
Q

definition: enzyme that uses parent strand as a template and adds nucleotides to form daughter strand

A

DNA polymerase

42
Q

What are DNA ploymerases limitations?

A
  • Can only add nucleotides to 3’ end
  • Can’t add first nucleotide of a new daughter
43
Q

definition: makes a complementary RNA primer at each origin of replication

A

DNA primase

44
Q

DNA polymerase replicates in what direction?

A

5–>3

45
Q

definition: daughter strand that is synthesized continously

A

leading strand

46
Q

In what direction is the leading strand synthesized?

A

Towards the replication fork

47
Q

Where is a single RNA primer synthesized?

A

At the origin of each leading strand

48
Q

What is the RNA primer synthesized by?

A

DNA primase

48
Q

How many RNA primers will by synthesized by DNA primase for the leading strand?

A

one

48
Q

definition: short pieces of the lagging strand

A

okazaki fragments

48
Q

definition: the daughter strand synthesized away from the replication fork

A

lagging strand

48
Q

What bond does DNA ligase use to link okazaki fragments?

A

phosphodiester bonds

48
Q

Lagging strand is synthesized in what direction?

A

5–>3

48
Q

What are the roles of DNA polymerases during lagging strand?

A
  • adds nucleotides to 3’ end
  • degrades RNA primer and replaces with nucleotides
48
Q

definition: links adjacent okazaki fragments

A

DNA ligase

48
Q

definition: enzyme that proofreads as it synthesizes each new daughter strand

A

DNA polymerase

48
Q

How many points of origin does prokaryotic chromosomes have?

A

only one

49
Q

How many points of origin does eukaryotic chromosomes have?

A

multiple origins of replication

50
Q

When would a cell use mismatch repaired?

A

When DNA. has been incorrectly paired

51
Q

When would a cell use nucleotide excision repair?

A

When DNA has been damaged by UV radiation or carcinogens

52
Q

What do nucleases do in the DNA proofreading and repair process?

A

cuts out DNA

53
Q

What does DNA polymerase do in the DNA proofreading and repair process?

A

it adds the correct nucleotides

54
Q

What does DNA Ligase do in the DNA proofreading and repair process?

A

It links the new pieces of DNA with phosphodiester bonds

55
Q

definition: repair that cuts out DNA that has been incorrectly paired

A

mismatch repair

56
Q

definition: cuts out DNA that has been damaged by UV radiation or carcinogens

A

Nucleotide excision repair

57
Q

A small portion at the end of each linear chromosomes cannot be what?

A

replicated

58
Q

Why can a small part at the end of a chromosome not be replicated?

A

limitation of DNA polymerase
- cant replace RNA primer at 5’ end

59
Q

What happens to the RNA primer at the end of replication?

A

it is eventually degraded

60
Q

What happens to chromosomes at the end of each cell cycle?

A

they shorten sligtly

61
Q

definition: short, noncoding, repetitive DNA sequences at the end of chromosomes

A

telomeres

62
Q

What does telomerase do?

A

extends length of chromosomes by adding telomere sequences

63
Q

Telomerase is active in what kind of cells?

A

Ones that have unlimited cell division

64
Q

definition: cells that have unlimited cell division

A

epithelial stem cells

65
Q

What relates to telomere shortening?

A

cell aging and apoptosis

66
Q

Why do cells lose their ability to divide?

A

Because telomeres get too short

67
Q

Henry and Chase radioactively labelled the DNA with what?

A

phosphorus

68
Q

Henry and Chase radioactively labelled the proteins with what?

A

sulfur

69
Q

What is the sugar phosphate backbone of DNA formed by

A

phosphate groups, phosphodiester linkages, deoxyribose sugars, covalent bonds

Biology I (15 decks)

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