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Biology I > LO5 > Flashcards

LO5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cell membranes are made of a

A

bilayer of phospholipids

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2
Q

model where bilayer of phospholipids are constantly in motion

A

fluid mosaic model

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3
Q

are self-sealing and fuse with other cell membranes

A

cell membranes

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4
Q

when the cell membrane spontaneously round up to form vesicles

A

self-sealing

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5
Q

fluidity buffer in animals

A

cholesterol

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6
Q

cholesterol at low temperatures

A

acts as a spacer between fatty acid tails

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7
Q

cholesterol restricts

A

van der walls interactions solidifying the membrane

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8
Q

cholesterol at high temperatures

A

keeps membranes stable by preventing phospholipids from moving to much

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9
Q

the ___ group of a cholesterol molecule interacts with the ___ head of a phospholipid to limit its movement

A

polar; polar

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10
Q

_____ proteins are firmly embedded in the lipid bilayer

A

integral

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11
Q

____ are at either surface of the bilayer

A

peripheral

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12
Q

integral proteins are

A

amphipathic

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13
Q

some proteins extend from

A

one side of a membrane to the other

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14
Q

short carbohydrate chains are often attached to what?

A

to the extracellular surface of membrane lipids and proteins

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15
Q

short carbohydrate chains form

A

glycolipids and glycoproteins

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16
Q

cell membranes are permeable to

A

small nonpolar and some small polar molecules

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17
Q

cell membranes are impermeable to

A

ions and larger polar molecules

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18
Q

membrane proteins are required to transport these molecules

A

impermeable ions and larger polar molecules

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19
Q

down their concentration gradient

A

higher to lower concentration

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20
Q

particles are uniformly distributed but continue to move

A

dynamic equillibrium

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21
Q

diffusion requires a

A

concentration gradient

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22
Q

a concentration gradient is a form of ______ energy

A

potential

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23
Q

osmosis is the _____ of water

A

diffusion

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24
Q

tendency of a solution to take in water by osmosis

A

osmotic pressure

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25
Q

high solute concentration = ____ effective water concentration = ____ osmotic pressure

A

low; high

26
Q

when solutions have an equal solute concentration

A

isotonic

27
Q

cells that have no net water movement

A

isotonic

28
Q

has a higher solute concentration

A

hypertonic solution

28
Q

cells will lose water and shrivel

A

hypertonic solution

29
Q

_____ proteins form hydrophilic channels for ion and H2O transport

A

Channel

29
Q

definition: if a cell wall is present (i.e. plant cell) the plasma membrane will shrink away from the cell wall

A

plasmolysis

29
Q

cell will take up water and may burst

A

hypotonic

30
Q

has a lower solute concentration

A

hypotonic

30
Q

channel proteins that transport H2O across cell membranes

A

aquaporins

31
Q

can be opened and closed in response to stimuli

A

ion channels that are gated

32
Q

___ proteins undergo a conformational change as they transport specific solutes across a cell membrane

A

carrier

33
Q

carrier proteins transport more ____ than channel proteins

A

slowly

34
Q

active transport moves materials from ___ to ____ concentrations

A

low to high

35
Q

_____________ pump transports Na and K ions against their gradient

A

sodium potassium

36
Q

sodium-potassium pump establishes an ______ gradient

A

electrochemical

37
Q

a ______ group from ATP is required for the pump to change shape

A

phosphate

38
Q

ejects substances from cells

A

exocytosis

39
Q

vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents outside the cell

A

exocytosis

40
Q

uptakes molecules or small cells by surrounding them with plasma membrane

A

endocytosis

41
Q

a ______ forms around the engulfed particles

A

vesicle

42
Q

a cell ingests a large particle (bacteria, food)

A

phagocytocis

43
Q

dissolved materials enter a cell enclosed in plasma membrane and gradually leak out

A

pinocytosis

44
Q

in this form of endocytosis membrane proteins with specific receptors bind with specific molecules to bring them into a cell

A

receptor-mediated endoxytosis

45
Q

______ is transported in the blood inside of LDL particles and is taken into cells via ____________

A

cholesterol, receptor mediated endocytosis

46
Q

how is cholesterol transported inside blood

A
  1. LDL particles bind to specific receptors on plasma membrane
  2. receptors and LDL particles are taken into the cell in a vesicle
    3&4. receptors are recycled back to the plasma membrane via a vesicle
  3. LDL particles are degraded by lysosomes
47
Q

membrane proteins from adjacent epithelial cells extend into the extracellular matrix and hold cells together

A

anchoring junctions

48
Q

prevent the passage of materials through the extracellular spaces between epithelial cells

A

tight junctions

49
Q

makes the lining of the intestines and blood-brain barrier

A

tight junctions

50
Q

hold cells together and allow for the exchange of ions and small molecules

A

cell junctions

51
Q

membrane proteins form channels between adjacent cells

A

gap junctions

52
Q

this is in animals, cardiac muscles cells, some nerve cells

A

gap junctions

53
Q

openings through the cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent plant cells

A

plasmodesmata

54
Q

facilitated diffusion is a form of _____ transport

A

passive

55
Q

concentration gradients are established by

A

active transport

56
Q

concentration gradients require

A

energy to build

57
Q

involve membrane proteins that may be linked to their cell’s cytoskeleton

A

cell junctions

58
Q
A

Biology I (15 decks)

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