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Biology I > LO10 > Flashcards

LO10 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Carry genetic information

A

chromosomes

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2
Q

each chromosome contains ______ of genes

A

1000’s

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3
Q

definition: a segment of DNA that codes for a protein

A

gene

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4
Q

DNA is a ______________ gene

A

protein-coding

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5
Q

RNA is a ______________ gene

A

non-coding

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6
Q

regulate the expression of protein-coding genes

A

non coding genes

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7
Q

has multiple linear chromosomes

A

eukaryotes

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8
Q

has single circular chromosomes that is supercoiled in the nucleoid region

A

prokaryotes

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9
Q

are highly organized

A

chromosomes

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10
Q

DNA double helix would around histone proteins

A

chromatin

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11
Q

Definition: prevent the DNA from getting tangled and help regulate gene expression

A

histones

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12
Q

basic unit of chromatin structure is the ____________

A

nucleosome

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13
Q

nucleosome includes _____ bp of DNA wrapped around ___ histones

A

146; 8

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14
Q

nucleosomes are packed together to form compacted _______

A

chromatin

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15
Q

most cells ____ when mature

A

divide

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16
Q

definition: the longest part of the cell cycle

A

interphase

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17
Q

there is not division during this phase of the cell cycle

A

Interphase

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18
Q

during interphase a cell is (doing what?)

A

growing and carrying out normal activities while preparing to divide

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19
Q

includes mitosis + cytokinesis

A

M phase

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20
Q

definition: division of the nucleus in five stages

A

M phase

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21
Q

this phase result in two genetically identical daughter nuclei

A

M phase

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22
Q

division of the cytoplasm

A

cytokinesis

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23
Q

this phase splits the cell and results in two identical daughter cells

A

cytokinesis

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24
Q

Interphase includes three parts

A

G1, S, G2

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25
Q

the first gap phase and longest part of interphase

A

G1

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26
Q

during G1 the cell does what?

A

grows and prepares for S phase

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27
Q

what happens when some cells don’t divide once their mature

A

they remain in a modified G1 (called G0) permanently

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28
Q

what cells remain in G0

A

animal blood cells, neurons and muscle cells

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29
Q

S in interphase is what?

A

synthesis

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30
Q

what happens during the S phase of Interphase

A
  • DNA replication occurs and additional histone proteins are synthesized to help organize the new DNA
  • centrioles are duplicated
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31
Q

G2 is what in interphase

A

The second gap phase

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32
Q

during G2 what happens

A
  • the cell makes final preparation for M phase
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33
Q

what is the first stage of mitosis

A

prophase

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34
Q

how does prophase begin

A

as chromatin condenses to form mitotic chromosomes

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35
Q

definition: a chromosomes that is temporarily attached to an identical during cell division

A

chromatid

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36
Q

during prophase each chromosome temporarily consists of ______________ joined at their ________

A

two identical sister chromatids; centromeres

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37
Q

during prophase the ____ begins to form

A

mitotic spindle

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38
Q

the mitotic spindle is made from

A

microtubules

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39
Q

spindle microtubules eventually do what?

A

attatch to proteins called kinetochores at the centromere of each sister chromatid

40
Q

in prophase the nuclear envelope begins to what?

A

fragment and the cytoskeleton is disassembled

41
Q

during _______ spindle microtubules attach to sister chromatids and gradually move chromosomes towards the equator

A

prometaphase

42
Q

prometaphase begins when?

A

the nuclear envelope is complete

43
Q

during prometaphase sister chromatids end up attached to spindle microtubules from _______ poles

A

opposite

44
Q

this phase in M phase occurs when the chromosomes are aligned along the metaphase plate in the middle of the cell

A

metaphase

45
Q

this phase in M phase begins when the sister chromatids start to separate

A

anaphase

46
Q

during anaphase what happens to sister chromatids

A

they are pulled to opposite poles of the cell by shortening microtubules as the cohesin proteins that holding the chromatids together dissociate

47
Q

M Phase: the last phase of mitosis and results in a return to interphase conditions

A

telophase

48
Q

what happens during telophase

A
  • the nuclear envelope re-forms
  • chromosomes decondense
  • spindle microtubules are disassembled
49
Q

cytokinesis begins when?

A

late anaphase or telophase

50
Q

in cytokinesis animal and fungal cells do what?

A

form a contractile ring or microfilaments and myosin to physically separate the daughter cells

51
Q

in cytokinesis plant cells do what?

A

form a cell plate along their equator

52
Q

the cell plate plant cells from is made from

A

membranous vesicles that form plasma membrane between the daughter cells

53
Q

how do prokaryotes divide

A

by binary fission

54
Q

definition: binary fission

A

method of asexual reproduction in that it produces daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cells

55
Q

steps of binary fission

A
  • begins with a cell’s circular chromosome
  • duplicated chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell
  • cell divides as the plasma membrane grown inward
  • a new cell wall forms between the daughter cells
56
Q

in eukaryotes mitochondria and chloroplast divide how?

A

by binary fission in interphase

57
Q

definition: ensure tha tthe events of a particular stage are properly completed before the next stage begins

A

cell-cycle checkpoints

58
Q

what are the checkpoints that eukaryotes have

A
  • G1-S checkpoint
  • G2 - M checkpoint
  • metaphase - anaphase
59
Q

this checkpoint ensures that the cell has the needed nutrients and enzymes to synthesize DNA

A

G1-S checkpoint

60
Q

this checkpoint ensure that DNA replication is finished before the ce;l begin mitosis

A

G2-M checkpoint

61
Q

if a cell is damaged or unreplicated DNA this checkpoint will prevent it from entering M phase

A

G2-M checkpoint

62
Q

this checkpoint ensures that kinetochores are properly attached to spindle fibers along the metaphase plate

A

metaphase - anaphase checkpoint

63
Q

if this checkpoint is defective what will happen?

A

chromosomes may not be properly separated during anaphase

64
Q

definition: individuals have 3 copies of chromosomes 21 because chromosomes were not properly separated

A

trisomy-21

65
Q

definition: kinases that bind with cyclin proteins to form cyclin-Cdk complexes that regulate the cell cycle by phosphorylating needed enzymes

A

Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk’s)

66
Q

in animals somatic cells are _____

A

diploid 2n

67
Q

definition: contain two copies of each chromosome

A

diploid

68
Q

homologous pairs are what?

A

two copies of chromosomes

69
Q

definition: contain the same genes in the same order but they may have dif variant of those genes

A

homologs

70
Q

somatic cells

A

non-reproductive cells

71
Q

gametes

A

reproductive cells

72
Q

definition: typically haploid n

A

reproductive cells

73
Q

definition: union of two haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote

A

fertilization

74
Q

sexual reproduction requires what?

A

a reduction division in the reproductive cells prior to fertilization to offset the combining of chromosomes during fertilization

75
Q

during meiosis a diploid cell undergoes what?

A

two division meiosis I and II

76
Q

at the end of meiosis what is produced

A

four haploid cells

77
Q

what is apart of the meiotic cell cycle

A

interphase + M Phase

78
Q

definition: an abbreviated interphase without an S phase

A

interkinesis

79
Q

during interphase of meiosis chromosomes are duplicated

A

during S phase and producing sister chromatids

80
Q

at the beginning of prophase I homologous chromosomes under go what?

A

synapsis

81
Q

during synapsis what happens?

A

homologs join to form tetrads of four chromatids

82
Q

homologs are held together by what

A

synaptonemal complex which facilitates crossing over

83
Q

what happens during crossing over in prophase 1

A

equivalent segments of DNA are exchanged between nonsister chromatids
- this allows for genetic recombination

84
Q

definition: where crossing over occurs

A

chiasmata

85
Q

things that happen during prophase I include

A
  • chromatin condenses
  • meiotic spindle forms and centrioles duplicated
  • nucleus fragments
86
Q

during metaphase 1 where are tetrads?

A

lined up along the equator

87
Q

during anaphase I what happens?

A
  • homologs are pulled to opposite poles
  • sister chromatids remain attached
  • each pole receives a random combination of maternal and paternal homolgs
88
Q

During telophase I what happens

A
  • nuclei reform and chromosome decondense
  • each nucleus is haploid
89
Q

meiosis 1 cytokinesis produces what?

A

two genetically different haploid daughter cells

90
Q

in meiosis II each haploid daughter cell

A

proceed through interkinesis and then enters meiosis II

91
Q

in prophase II there is no crossing over

A

homologs are in different daughter cells

92
Q

during metaphase II chromosomes line up where?

A

along the metaphase plate
- sister chromatids are attatched to microtubules from opposite poles

93
Q

during anaphase II sister chromatids are pulled where?

A

to opposite poles

94
Q

during telophase II there is?

A

one chromatid from each homolog at each pole

95
Q
A

Biology I (15 decks)

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