LO13 Day 1

Question 1

do all genes code only for proteins?

Answer 1

no they code for enzymes and other proteins

Question 2

Linus Pauling showed what?

Answer 2

That a mutation in a single gene could result in a defective protein

Question 3

Transcription converts what?

Answer 3

DNA to RNA

Question 4

Translation produces what?

Answer 4

A polypeptide from RNA

Question 5

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

Answer 5

states that the nucleotide sequence of some DNA gene code for the amino acid sequence of a specific polypeptide via an RNA intermediate

Question 6

Is a single stranded polymer of nucleotides

Answer 6

RNA

Question 7

What are the two purine nitrogenous bases used in RNA

Answer 7

Adenine and Guanine

Question 8

What two pyrimidines bases used in RNA?

Answer 8

Uracil and Cytosine

Question 9

How is Ribose different from deoxyribose at the 2’ carbon

Answer 9

Has a hydroxyl group

Question 10

Deoxyribose and ribose are both ______ sugars

Answer 10

pentose

Question 11

What is at the 5’ end of RNA molecule

Answer 11

exposed phosphate group

Question 12

What is at the 3’ end of RNA molecule?

Answer 12

exposed OH group

Question 13

Phosphate group of a DNA or RNA nucleotide makes this molecules _____ and ____ charged

Answer 13

acidic and negatively

Question 14

What is attached to the 1C of the ribose sugar

Answer 14

nitrogenous base

Question 15

What bond forms between 3C of ribose and phosphate group of the next nucleotide?

Answer 15

covalent

Question 16

mRNA is what?

Answer 16

messenger RNA

Question 17

mRNA contain the infromation for making specific _______

Answer 17

proteins

Question 18

mRNA is transcribed from _______________ in DNA

Answer 18

protein-coding genes

Question 19

Definition: A set of three consecutive RNA nucleotides that specifies one amino acids

Answer 19

codon

Question 20

3 nucleotides specify how many amino acids?

Answer 20

one

Question 21

the number order and type of codons in a specific mRNA determines what?

Answer 21

the primary structure of protein

Question 22

genetic code includes how many codons?

Answer 22

64

Question 23

AUG is which codon and codes for what?

Answer 23

start codon and methionine

Question 24

How many codons code for terminate translation?

Answer 24

3

Question 25

The genetic code is ____ and virtually ______

Answer 25

redundant and universal

Question 26

amino acids specified by ______________ codon

Answer 26

more than one

Question 27

A codon never specifies ________ amino acid

Answer 27

more than one

Question 28

tRNA carry what?

Answer 28

amino acids

Question 29

A tRNA carries a specific amino acids at its ___ end

Answer 29

3'

Question 30

Definition: enzymes that covalently link an amino acid to its respective tRNA

Answer 30

Aminoacyl-tRNA

Question 31

During _______ a tRNA molecule interacts with a specific mRNA codon at a ribosome

Answer 31

translation

Question 32

tRNA has a set of 3 nucleotides called _______

Answer 32

anticodon

Question 33

definition: sequence of nucleotides determines which amino acid the tRNA will carry

Answer 33

anticodon

Question 34

during translation the anticodon binds to the ___________ via __________ bonding

Answer 34

RNA codon; hydrogen

Question 35

rRNA forms what?

Answer 35

ribosomes

Question 36

rRNA molecules make up what?

Answer 36

ribosomes and ribosomal proteins

Question 37

during translation ribosomes bring which molecules together?

Answer 37

mRNA and tRNA

Question 38

How many binding site do ribosomes have for an mRNA molecule?

Answer 38

one

Question 39

How many binding site do ribosomes have for an tRNA molecule?

Answer 39

three

Question 40

What binds to a ribosome in the groove between the small and large subunits?

Answer 40

mRNA

Question 41

definition: allows for interaction between the mRNA codon and the tRNA anicodon

Answer 41

A site

Question 42

Definition: holds the growing polypeptide chain

Answer 42

P site

Question 43

Definition: where an empty tRNA exits the ribosome

Answer 43

E site

Question 44

transcription goes from what to what?

Answer 44

DNA to RNA

Question 45

What do RNA polymerases do?

Answer 45

They form single-stranded RNA by temporarily pairing RNA nucleotides with DNA nucleotides

Question 46

During transcription what is formed

Answer 46

a complementary RNA strand that is antiparallel to the template DNA

Question 47

RNA is synthesized in which direction?

Answer 47

5 --> 3

Question 48

Do RNA polymerases require a separate helicase or primer?

Answer 48

No

Question 49

Definition: transcription begins

Answer 49

initiation

Question 50

definition: a special sequence of base pairs on the DNA template strand that signals the beginning of a gene

Answer 50

promoter

Question 51

downstream is which direction

Answer 51

towards the 3' end of the RNA

Question 52

upstream is which direction

Answer 52

towards the 5' end of the RNA

Question 53

What does RNA polymerase do?

Answer 53

unwinds the DNA and initiates transcription downstream from the promoter region

Question 54

Does the strand that is used as the template vary?

Answer 54

Yes, from gene to gene

Question 55

definition: RNA polymerase reads the DNA template and adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the 3 end of the growing RNA transcript

Answer 55

elongation

Question 56

What happens to the DNA double helix after each portion is transcribed?

Answer 56

It reforms

Question 57

Definition: RNA polymerase stops transcription upon reaching the termination sequence in the template DNA

Answer 57

termination

Question 58

in eukaryotes what is modified after transcription

Answer 58

mRNA

Question 59

definition: mRNA is before it has been modified

Answer 59

preMRNA

Question 60

The 5' and 3' ends of mRNA molecules are modified why?

Answer 60

for protection and recognition by a ribosomes

Question 61

What is added to the 5' end of mRNA

Answer 61

5 cap

Question 62

What is the 3 cap

Answer 62

long chain of adenine nucleotides

Question 63

What is added to the 3' end of mRNA

Answer 63

3' poly-A tail

Question 64

What is the 5 cap

Answer 64

modified guanine nucleotide

Question 65

What happens to introns?

Answer 65

they are cut out by enzymes during modification

Question 66

definitions: non coding regions that are located within the DNA sequence of protein-coding genes

Answer 66

Introns

Question 67

What are exons?

Answer 67

the coding regions; that are spliced together

Question 68

What gene expression process occurs in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 68

transcription