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Biology I > LO13 Day 1 > Flashcards

LO13 Day 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

do all genes code only for proteins?

A

no they code for enzymes and other proteins

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2
Q

Linus Pauling showed what?

A

That a mutation in a single gene could result in a defective protein

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3
Q

Transcription converts what?

A

DNA to RNA

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4
Q

Translation produces what?

A

A polypeptide from RNA

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5
Q

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

A

states that the nucleotide sequence of some DNA gene code for the amino acid sequence of a specific polypeptide via an RNA intermediate

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6
Q

Is a single stranded polymer of nucleotides

A

RNA

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7
Q

What are the two purine nitrogenous bases used in RNA

A

Adenine and Guanine

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8
Q

What two pyrimidines bases used in RNA?

A

Uracil and Cytosine

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9
Q

How is Ribose different from deoxyribose at the 2’ carbon

A

Has a hydroxyl group

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10
Q

Deoxyribose and ribose are both ______ sugars

A

pentose

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11
Q

What is at the 5’ end of RNA molecule

A

exposed phosphate group

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12
Q

What is at the 3’ end of RNA molecule?

A

exposed OH group

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13
Q

Phosphate group of a DNA or RNA nucleotide makes this molecules _____ and ____ charged

A

acidic and negatively

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14
Q

What is attached to the 1C of the ribose sugar

A

nitrogenous base

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15
Q

What bond forms between 3C of ribose and phosphate group of the next nucleotide?

A

covalent

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16
Q

mRNA is what?

A

messenger RNA

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17
Q

mRNA contain the infromation for making specific _______

A

proteins

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18
Q

mRNA is transcribed from _______________ in DNA

A

protein-coding genes

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19
Q

Definition: A set of three consecutive RNA nucleotides that specifies one amino acids

A

codon

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20
Q

3 nucleotides specify how many amino acids?

A

one

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21
Q

the number order and type of codons in a specific mRNA determines what?

A

the primary structure of protein

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22
Q

genetic code includes how many codons?

A

64

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23
Q

AUG is which codon and codes for what?

A

start codon and methionine

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24
Q

How many codons code for terminate translation?

A

3

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25
Q

The genetic code is ____ and virtually ______

A

redundant and universal

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26
Q

amino acids specified by ______________ codon

A

more than one

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27
Q

A codon never specifies ________ amino acid

A

more than one

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28
Q

tRNA carry what?

A

amino acids

29
Q

A tRNA carries a specific amino acids at its ___ end

A

3’

30
Q

Definition: enzymes that covalently link an amino acid to its respective tRNA

A

Aminoacyl-tRNA

31
Q

During _______ a tRNA molecule interacts with a specific mRNA codon at a ribosome

A

translation

32
Q

tRNA has a set of 3 nucleotides called _______

A

anticodon

33
Q

definition: sequence of nucleotides determines which amino acid the tRNA will carry

A

anticodon

34
Q

during translation the anticodon binds to the ___________ via __________ bonding

A

RNA codon; hydrogen

35
Q

rRNA forms what?

A

ribosomes

36
Q

rRNA molecules make up what?

A

ribosomes and ribosomal proteins

37
Q

during translation ribosomes bring which molecules together?

A

mRNA and tRNA

38
Q

How many binding site do ribosomes have for an mRNA molecule?

A

one

39
Q

How many binding site do ribosomes have for an tRNA molecule?

A

three

40
Q

What binds to a ribosome in the groove between the small and large subunits?

A

mRNA

41
Q

definition: allows for interaction between the mRNA codon and the tRNA anicodon

A

A site

42
Q

Definition: holds the growing polypeptide chain

A

P site

43
Q

Definition: where an empty tRNA exits the ribosome

A

E site

44
Q

transcription goes from what to what?

A

DNA to RNA

45
Q

What do RNA polymerases do?

A

They form single-stranded RNA by temporarily pairing RNA nucleotides with DNA nucleotides

46
Q

During transcription what is formed

A

a complementary RNA strand that is antiparallel to the template DNA

47
Q

RNA is synthesized in which direction?

A

5 –> 3

48
Q

Do RNA polymerases require a separate helicase or primer?

A

No

49
Q

Definition: transcription begins

A

initiation

50
Q

definition: a special sequence of base pairs on the DNA template strand that signals the beginning of a gene

A

promoter

51
Q

downstream is which direction

A

towards the 3’ end of the RNA

52
Q

upstream is which direction

A

towards the 5’ end of the RNA

53
Q

What does RNA polymerase do?

A

unwinds the DNA and initiates transcription downstream from the promoter region

54
Q

Does the strand that is used as the template vary?

A

Yes, from gene to gene

55
Q

definition: RNA polymerase reads the DNA template and adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the 3 end of the growing RNA transcript

A

elongation

56
Q

What happens to the DNA double helix after each portion is transcribed?

A

It reforms

57
Q

Definition: RNA polymerase stops transcription upon reaching the termination sequence in the template DNA

A

termination

58
Q

in eukaryotes what is modified after transcription

A

mRNA

59
Q

definition: mRNA is before it has been modified

A

preMRNA

60
Q

The 5’ and 3’ ends of mRNA molecules are modified why?

A

for protection and recognition by a ribosomes

61
Q

What is added to the 5’ end of mRNA

A

5 cap

62
Q

What is the 3 cap

A

long chain of adenine nucleotides

63
Q

What is added to the 3’ end of mRNA

A

3’ poly-A tail

64
Q

What is the 5 cap

A

modified guanine nucleotide

65
Q

What happens to introns?

A

they are cut out by enzymes during modification

66
Q

definitions: non coding regions that are located within the DNA sequence of protein-coding genes

A

Introns

67
Q

What are exons?

A

the coding regions; that are spliced together

68
Q

What gene expression process occurs in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell?

A

transcription

Biology I (15 decks)

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