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Biology I > LO13 Day 2 > Flashcards

LO13 Day 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

translation goes from what to what

A

RNA to polypeptide

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2
Q

Are ribosomes fully assembled prior to the start of translation?

A

Yes

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3
Q

Where does the initial assembly of the ribosomal units occur in a eukaryotic cell?

A

cytoplasm

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4
Q

Where are the two locations that ribosomes can be found in a eukaryotic cell?

A

Cytoplasm or RER

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5
Q

Which amino acid is always bonded to the initiator tRNA?

A

Methionine (AUG) start codon

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6
Q

What are the event of initiation of translation 1-5

A
  1. Initiation factors bind to a small ribosomal subunit
  2. Small ribosomal subunit binds to a mRNA molecule at its 5’ end near the AUG codon
  3. An initiator tRNA molecule binds to the AUG codon
  4. large ribosomal subunit binds to the initiation complex
  5. Initiation factors are released from the complex
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7
Q

elongation adds what to form a polypeptide?

A

amino acids

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8
Q

during elongation a ribosome moved down mRNA from its __ end to it ____ end

A

5 to 3

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9
Q

definition: movement where a ribosomes moves down an mRNA one codon at a time

A

translocation

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10
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes peptide bond formation?

A

peptidyl transferase

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11
Q

What type of molecule is peptidyl transferase?

A

ribozyme

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12
Q

Where is peptidyl transferase located?

A

large subunit

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13
Q

When a tRNA recognizes the codon in the A site what happens?

A

base pairing between the mRNA codon and its complementary anticodon occurs

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14
Q

What bond forms between the amino acids in the A site and the last amino acids of the growing polypeptide in the P site?

A

polypeptide bond

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15
Q

What happens after the peptide bond formation?

A
  1. bonding transfers the polypeptide to the tRNA in the A site
  2. the tRNA in the A site moves to P site
  3. The tRNA that was in P site moves to E site and exits ribosome
  4. A site is not ready to accept the next tRNA
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16
Q

When does elongation end?

A

When it reaches a stop codon

17
Q

during termination what happens to the ribosome?

A

it reaches a stop codon and a release factor protein binds to the A site

18
Q

What does the ribosome reaching a stop codon trigger?

A

the release of the polypeptide from the tRNA in the P site

19
Q

when a polypeptide is released from the ribosome is it immediately ready to function?

A

No

20
Q

When a polypeptide is released only its ______ structure has been completed

A

tertiary

21
Q

In prokaryotes what genetic processes are coupled?

A

transcription and translation

22
Q

Why can prokaryotes start translation before an mRNA is completely transcribed?

A

because they do not modify their mRNA molecules prior to translation

23
Q

In eukaryotes what must mRNA do before they can be translated on ribosomes in the cytoplasm or on the RER?

A

leave the nucleus

24
Q

Where do transcription and translation occur in prokaryotes?

A

cytoplasm

25
Q

Where do transcription and translation occur in eukaryotes?

A

cytoplasm and nucleus

26
Q

How mutations occur?

A

when incorrect base pairings are not corrected by DNA polymerase or other repair mechanisms

27
Q

When a mutation occurs in reproductive cells what will happen?

A

they will be passed off to offspring

28
Q

are all mutations harmful?

A

no some are beneficial

29
Q

definition: mutation that has no effect on phenotype and does not alter amino acid sequence

A

silent mutation

30
Q

definition: mutation that affect one pair of dna nucleotides and may alter or destroy protein function

A

base-pair substitution mutations

31
Q

definition: base pair substitution mutation the changes a codon resulting in a different amino acid being specified

A

missense mutation

32
Q

definition: base pair substitution mutation where a codon become a stop codon

A

nonsense mutation

33
Q

definition: mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of 1-2 nucleotide pairs

A

frameshift mutations

34
Q

what do frameshift mutations result in

A

either a different polypeptide sequence or an early stop codon

35
Q

during translocation what moves down an mRNA molecule one codon at a time?

A

a ribosome

Biology I (15 decks)

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