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Biology I > LO16 > Flashcards

LO16 Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition: the study of the genetic variability in a population and the evolutionary forces that affect it

A

population genetics

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2
Q

each population has what?

A

gene pool

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3
Q

definition: all of the alleles from all of the loci present in a population

A

gene pool

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4
Q

how is population genetics studied?

A

By tracking genotype, phenotype, and or allele frequency changes across generations

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5
Q

definition: how often a particular genotype or phenotype or allele occurs divided by the total number of occurances

A

frequency

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6
Q

frequency is always between which numbers

A

0 and 1

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7
Q

is gene pool applied to individuals or populations

A

populations

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8
Q

equation for allele, phenotype ofr genotype frequency

A

of certain allele/ total # of occurances

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9
Q

definition: the proportion of a particular genotype in a population

A

genotype frequency

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10
Q

definition: proportion of a particular phenotype in a population

A

phenotype frequency

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11
Q

definition: the proportion of a particular allele from a given locus in a population

A

allele frequency

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12
Q

what is occuring in the allele and/or genotype frequencies change over time

A

evolution

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13
Q

allele and genotype frequencies do not change from generation to generation unless what?

A

they are affected by outside forces

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14
Q

if a population is large how does sexual reproduction change allele and genotype frequencies?

A

it doesn’t change

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15
Q

definition: when allele and genotype frequencies are stable for a trait the population is not evolving at the locus

A

genetic equilibrium

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16
Q

What does the Hardy-Weinberg equation demonstrate?

A

How populations remain at genetic equilibrium

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17
Q

H-W equation used to calculate what?

A

expected genotype frequencies

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18
Q

Allele frequency equation

A

p+q=1

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19
Q

p is what?

A

frequency of the dominant allele

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20
Q

q is what?

A

frequency of recessive allele

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21
Q

H-W genotype frequency equation

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

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22
Q

p^2 is what?

A

frequency of homozygous dominant genotype

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23
Q

2pq is what?

A

frequency of heterozygous genotype

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24
Q

q^2 is what?

A

frequency of homozygous recessive genotype

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25
Q

What happens if the genotype frequencies for a locus conform to H-W equation?

A

It means that the population is at genetic equilibrium and not evolving

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26
Q

The H-W equation is used to calculate what type of genotype frequencies?

A

expected

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27
Q

What are the 5 H-W Assumption

A
  1. Mating is random
  2. there are not mutations
  3. The population is large (no genetic drift)
  4. individuals do not migrate between populations (no genetic flow)
  5. natural selection does not occur
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28
Q

H-W only applies to what kind of populations?

A

sexually reproducing

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29
Q

What kind of model does H-W provide?

A

A useful null model

30
Q

Do natural populations fit H-W?

A

only rarely

31
Q

What does the difference between the H-W equilibrium and the observed variables mean?

A

how much evolutionary change is occuring in the population

32
Q

In the H-W mates must be selected how?

A

randomly

33
Q

In H-W nucleotides may or may not change due to mutations?

A

may not

34
Q

When can genotype frequencies be determined from phenotype frequencies?

A

if they are assumed to be in H-W equilibrium

35
Q

definition: generates genetic diversity by creating new alleles

A

mutation

36
Q

The microevolutionary forces are what?

A

mutation, genetic drift, genetic flow, natural selection

37
Q

What will eliminate or reduce harmful mutations?

A

natural selection

38
Q

definition: mutations with minor effects

A

neutral mutations

39
Q

What happens to neutral mutations?

A

they may persist in a population and be adaptive later as the environment changes

40
Q

What would happen if a bacterium acquires a mutation that causes it to be unaffected by a particular chemical?

A

the mutations would become beneficial when the chemical is used later

41
Q

What changed allele frequencies by creating new alleles in a populations?

A

mutations

42
Q

mutations are essential to produce what?

A

genetic variation

43
Q

do mutations significantly change frequencies?

A

do not

44
Q

definition: occurs when random events cause allele frequency changes especially in smaller populations

A

genetic drift

45
Q

What does genetic drift do to genetic variation

A

decreases it

46
Q

what does genetic drift do to genetic differences between populations?

A

increases genetic differences

47
Q

is genetic drift adaptive?

A

no it isnt

48
Q

definition: genetic drift a sudden decrease in a population size caused by environmental factors

A

bottlenecks

49
Q

What happens to the surviving population of a bottleneck genetic drift?

A

They have different allele frequencies compared to the original population

50
Q

definition: genetic drift an event that occurs when a few individuals from a large population colonize a new area

A

founder event

51
Q

What happens to the founding population’s allele frequencies in a founder event?

A

They have different allele frequencies

52
Q

definition: when allele frequencies change because alleles are carried from one population to another by the migration of breeding individuals

A

gene flow

53
Q

what does gene flow do to genetic variability of the population?

A

it increases genetic variability

54
Q

What does gene flow do to genetic differences?

A

it decreases genetic differences in a population

55
Q

If gene flow is extensive what could happen?

A

the population could become genetically similar

56
Q

Is gene flow adaptive?

A

not necessarily

57
Q

definition: changes allele frequencies by selecting the phenotypes that are more fit in current environment

A

natural selection

58
Q

What happens to less fit phenotypes in natural selection?

A

they are reduced or eliminated

59
Q

definition: the relative ability of a genotype to make a genetic contribution to future generations

A

fitness

60
Q

Is natural selection adaptive?

A

yes that is how the alleles are chosen

61
Q

natural selection can only choose from what in a population?

A

genetic variants; alleles that already existq

62
Q

what are the types of natural selection?

A

stabilizing, directional, heterozygote advantage

63
Q

definition: type of natural selection that selects against phenotypic extremes

A

stabilizing selection

64
Q

What does stabilizing selection do to genetic variation?

A

decreases it

65
Q

What individuals does stabilizing selection favor?

A

those with average phenotypes

66
Q

definition: type of natural selection that selects for phenotypes at one extreme

A

directional selection

67
Q

What affects directional selection?

A

environmental changes

68
Q

definition: maintains alleles in a population that are unfavorable in the homozygous state

A

heterozygote advantage

69
Q

which genotype has the lower fitness in heterozygote advantage?

A

homozygote

70
Q

What does heterozygote advantage do to genetic diversity?

A

maintain it.

Biology I (15 decks)

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