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Biology I > LO15 > Flashcards

LO15 Flashcards

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1
Q

definition: the accumulation of genetic changes within populations over time

A

evolution

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2
Q

definition: a group of individuals of the same species living in the same geographic region at the same time

A

population

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3
Q

What is the unifying concept in biology?

A

evolution

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4
Q

Explains both similarities and differences among living organisms

A

evolution

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5
Q

provides a scientifically testable mechanisms for how life could have originated from a common ancestor

A

evolution

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6
Q

Do individual evolve?

A

no populations do

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7
Q

definition: involves minor genetic changes within a population or species over a few generations

A

microevolution

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8
Q

The emergence of a new viral strain is an example of what kind of evolution?

A

microevolution

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9
Q

definition: a group of organisms with similar genetics, structure, cunction, and behavior that can interbreed

A

species

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10
Q

definition: involves major genetic changes usually over long periods of time that form new species

A

macroevolution

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11
Q

Microevolutionary process explain what?

A

How macroevolution occurs

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12
Q

What philospher arranged living organisms in a scale of nature?

A

Aristotle

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13
Q

How was the scale of nature organized?

A

from more simple to more complex

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14
Q

What ways did Aristotle think living organisms were changing towards?

A

perfection

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15
Q

What did Leonardo da Vinci recognize?

A

That fossils were the remains of once living organisms

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16
Q

definitions: remains of once living organisms

A

fossils

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17
Q

Who was Lamarck?

A

a french naturalist who said that organisms changed over time by natural phenomena

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18
Q

What was Lamarck hypothesis?

A

The inheritance of acquired characteristics

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19
Q

To Lamarck what would a changing environment do to organisms?

A

It would change their behavior to use some body parts more or less depending on what is needed

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20
Q

To Lamark what would happen to any changes acquired by an organism to the offscpring?

A

They could be passed on

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21
Q

Who was Darwin?

A

An english naturalist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection

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22
Q

Darwin’s theory explained what?

A

that better adapted organisms are more likely to survive and reproduce

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23
Q

definition: a genetic trait that improves the chances of survival and reproduction in a given environment

A

adaptation

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24
Q

Where did most of Darwin’s ideas come from?

A

His observations during the voyage of the HMS Beagle

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25
Q

Adaptation increase the likelihood that organisms will _______ and ______ to a greater extent?

A

survive; reproduce

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26
Q

Who was Darwin influenced by?

A

Charles Lyell and Thomas Malthus

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27
Q

What did Lyell discover?

A

That the earth’s physical features were the result of geological process that occur over long periods of time.

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28
Q

What did Darwin realize from Lyell?

A

That the earth was old enough for species to have had time to evolve

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29
Q

What did Malthus suggest?

A

That the human population growth is not always desirable?

30
Q

What did Darwin realized from Malthus?

A

That there is a struggle for existence in nature; survival of fittest

31
Q

What does the conflict between population growth and limited resources do?

A

Keep population size in check

32
Q

What are the four premises of evolution by natural selection?

A
  1. individuals are genetically variable
  2. In every generation more offspring are produced than can survive
  3. survival is limited by resources
  4. individuals with inherited variations that increase their survival and reproduction are favored
33
Q

adaptive traits do what to frequency with each generation?

A

increase in frequency

34
Q

Over long periods of time, enough changes would do what?

A

produce new species

35
Q

Requires geographic separation

A

speciation

36
Q

definition: a unified theory of evolution combining Darwin’s theory of natural selection with Mendelian inheritance principles

A

modern synthesis

37
Q

What did the modern synthesis show?

A

It showed how mutations provide the genetic variations that natural selection acts on

38
Q

Who was Alfred Russel Wallace?

A

a british naturalist that made a hypothesis similar to darwins

39
Q

What provides a direct evidence of evolution?

A

a fossil

40
Q

definition: remains or traces of organisms left in sedimentary rock

A

fossils

41
Q

how does sedimentary rock form?

A

it forms in layers over time

42
Q

What happens during fossilization?

A

the details of an organism are preserved as minerals replace the tissues of the organism

43
Q

do most organisms become fossilized?

A

no they do not

44
Q

Organisms living in which type of environment are more likely to fossilize?

A

aquatic environments

45
Q

Organism with which types of bodies or body structures are more likely to fossilize?

A

hard body parts (vertebrates; exoskeletons)

46
Q

What is in the oldest deepest part of sedimentary rock layers contain?

A

ancient unicellular or simple multicellular organism

47
Q

What is in the shallower layers of sedimentary rock?

A

contains more recent organisms and more complex multicellular organisms

48
Q

definition: shows the gradual evolution of a group of organisms via intermediates

A

transitional fossil

49
Q

definition: the study of the geographic distribution of living and extinct organisms

A

biogeography

50
Q

definition: movements of continents due to plate tectonics

A

continenetal drift

51
Q

what played a major role in biogeography and evolution?

A

continental drift

52
Q

related organisms share what kind of features that they inherited from their common ancestor?

A

homologous features

53
Q

definition: features that have a common underlying structure

A

homologous features

54
Q

What is the reason that there is a similarity in bone, muscle and nerve structure among different vertebrate forelimbs.

A

common ancestry

55
Q

comparative anatomy reveals what?

A

homoplasy

56
Q

comparative anatomy reveals what?

A

homology

57
Q

Organisms can share superficially similar features that evolved how?

A

independently not from a common ancestor

58
Q

definition: when similar environmental pressures result in similar adaptation among oganisms

A

homoplasy

59
Q

What does homoplasy demonstrates?

A

the power of natural selection through convergent evolution

60
Q

definition: the independent evolution of functionally similar structures in organisms that were not inherited from the common ancestorr of those organisms

A

convergent evolution

61
Q

comparative anatomy reveals what?

A

vestigal structures

62
Q

How do structures become vestigial?

A

They adapt to different modes of life or a changing environment

63
Q

definition: a nonfunctional or degenerate remnant of a structure that was once functional in an ancestor

A

vestigial structure

64
Q

What are examples of vestigial structures in humans?

A

coccyx, wisdom teeth, ear muscles

65
Q

What are examples of vestigial structures in whales and pythons?

A

hind limbs

66
Q

What are examples of vestigial structures in cave organisms?

A

eyes and pigment

67
Q

definitions: nonfunctional genes that have lost their protein-coding ability due to mutation and are no longer expressed

A

pseudogenes

68
Q

Examples of a pseudogenes is what?

A

Human olfactory senses

69
Q

Vertebrates share a similar pattern of development due to what?

A

A common ancestry

70
Q

All vertebrates embryos have what?

A

segmented muscles, throat pouches, a tubular heart, and an aortic arch

71
Q

Aquatic vertebrates do what to the features they have in their embryos?

A

they keep and retain them as adults

72
Q

Terrestrial vertebrates do what to the features they have in their embryos?

A

They do not need them

Biology I (15 decks)

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