LIVING ENVIORMENT: regents Flashcards
enzymes
special proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions in living things
autotroph
an organism that produces its own food the source of energy for all living things
stomata
a small pore found on the underside of most leaves
an enviorment where little to no oxygen is present
anaerobic
inorganic compounds
chemical bond energy stored in nutrients like glucose is released to produce ATP in cells
a way to describe the fit of an enzyme with its specific substrate
substrate specific
a green organelle that contains chlorophyll where photosynthesis occurs
chloroplast
fermentation
compounds such as water and carbon dioxide that are involved in vital processes like photosynthesis and cellular respiration
enzymes are ______
proteins
respiration
making energy (ATP)
aerobic respiration
with oxygen
anaerobic respiration
done without oxygen
excretion
get rid of waste
cellular waste (liquids and gases)
metabolism
all chemical activities
inorganic compounds
compounds that do not have carbon and hydrogen together
organic compounds
compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen
monosaccaride
one sugar
disacharides
2 sugars
ribosomes
information that controls the production of proteins must pass from the nucleus to the
organelles
homeostasis in unicellular organisms depends on the proper functioning of
mitochondrion
an organelle that releases energy for metabolic activity in a nerve cell is the
the funtion of a cell depends primarily on its
structure
in a single celled organism this absorbtion directly involves the
cell membrane
the process of active transport requires the most direct use of
ATP
in a cell all organelles work together to carry out
metabolic processes
the sequence that represents the correct order of levels of organization found in a complex organism?
organelle –> cells –> tissues –> organs –> organ system
many sugars 3 or more
polysaccardies
dipeptide
two amino acids joined together by dydration synthesis
catalyst
speeds up reactions
substrate
the substances that the enzymes act on
lock and key model
the substrate and active sight of the enzyme fit together like a lock and key
can enzymes stop working
YES
when the active site changes shape the enzyme cannot substrate
what can cause an enzyme to stop working?
the PH or the temperture
prokaryote
cells that lack a nucleus
eukaryote
cells that have a nucleus
have their own DNA and can replicate independently from the cell
mitochondria and chloroplast
viruses
ARE LIVING
but dont have the same features of life
are not made of cells
cell membrane
controls what goes in and out of the cells
cell wall
*ONLY IN PLANT CELLS *
supports and protects cell composed of cellulose
cytoplasm
fluid like, contains organelles
some chemical reactions occur
nucleus
controls the center of the cell
contains DNA
ribosomes
make protiens
found in cytoplasm
endoplasmic riticlum (ER)
system of fluid-filled canals
have ribosomes
rough ER
no ribosomes
smooth ER
mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell
site of respiration
centrioles
FOUND ONLY IN ANIMAL CELLS
play role in cell division
vacuole
storage (usually stores water)
lysosomes
vacuable with digestive enzymes
nucleolos
makes ribosomes
golgi body
sorts and packages materials
ANIMAL CELLS:
*centrioles
*small vacuole
*lysosomes
*round shape
PLANT CELLS:
*chloroplast
*large vacuole
*cell walls
the cell membrane is _______
selectively permiable
selectively permiable
controls the type and amount of molecule that can pass through the membrane
nutrition
the activities by which the organism obtains, processes,
ingestion
to take in nutrients from the environment
raw materials
the substances from the environment needed for a reaction
inorganic raw material
simple substrates that do not contain hydrogen and carbon together
organic molecules
large substances that contain carbon and hydrogen togetther 2
epidermis
outer most layer
cutical
waxy coat that covers the epidermis ( prevents excess waterloss)
stomates
allow the exchange of 02 and CO2
gaurd cells
controls the openings and the closing of the stomates
palisade layer
is where most photosynthesis takes place
vein
contains xylem (water) and phlorm (food) and is knows as a vacular tissue
xylem
transports water only
pholoem
transports food into the cell
transpiration
release of water vapor from leaves
how do stomates maintain homeostasis ?
homeostasis is maintained by gaurd cells opening and closing to allow for gas exchange and prevent water loss
chlorophyll
the main pigment of plants that absorbs energy from the sun
thylakoid
sac like photosynthesis membrane in chloroplast
grana
stacks of thylakoids
stroma
the region outside the thylakoid membranes
why are plants green ?
the chlorophyll absorbs light from the sun
plants use green light the least so the green light is reflected causing plants to have a green color
what do plants need to survive
CO2, H20, O2
plants need oxygen for ____________________
cellular respiration
formula for photosynthesis
sunlight + water + carbon dioxide —-> glucose & oxygen
photolysis
splitting light
a reaction in which H20 molecules split into carbon hydrogen and oxygen
photolysis dark reactions
occur in the stroma of the chloroplast
cellular respiration is photosynthesis _________
backwards
the first step of all cellular respiration is called
glycolise (sugar splitting )
glycolisis takes place in the _________
cytoplasm
glycolisis takes place in the _________
cytoplasm
Enzymes in the digestive system are responsible for _____
the hydrolysis (breaking down) of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
