Liver Diseases

Question 1

What are the three causes of jaundice?

Answer 1

prehepatic
hepatocellular
posthepatic

Question 2

what are the causes of prehepatic jaundice?

Answer 2

increased rate of heamolysis
anaemia
thallasemia
G6PD deficiency

Question 3

what are the causes of heapatoceullar jaundice?

Answer 3

acute or chronic hepatits, cirhosis, carcinoma

Question 4

what are the causes of post hepatic jaundice?

Answer 4

disruption in the biliary system

Question 5

what is jaundice?

Answer 5

yellow pigmentation of skin/mucous membranes/eyes caused by bilirubin accumalation

Question 6

what are the causes of viral hepatitis?

Answer 6

hepatitis A, B, C, D, E

Question 7

what is the transmission for hepatitis A?

Answer 7

feaco-oral route, no chronic disease and rarely fatal

Question 8

what is the transmission route for hep B?

Answer 8

sexual and blood
hepadnaevirus
chronic hepatitis may develop due to immunologically mediated hepatocytes necrosis by CD8 cells

Question 9

what is the transmission route for hep C?

Answer 9

blood

chronic hepatitis develops in 50%of cases

Question 10

what is the transmission route for Hep D?

Answer 10

This is only transmitted via co-infection with Hep B

this will alter the course of Hep B

Question 11

what is a major risk when there is co-infection of B with D?

Answer 11

may get fulminant hepatitis
liver failure within 8 weeks of infection
Increase mortality

Question 12

What is the transmission for Hep E?

Answer 12

infection os via enteric route

bad in preganancy bt otherwise no problem

Question 13

which hepatitis viruses are the worse?

Answer 13

Hep B and C

can lead to HCC and cirrohsis (greater chance with C)

Question 14

Which hepatitis have vaccines?

Answer 14

A and B

B vaccine protects against D

Question 15

what is acute hepatitis? WHat percentage of people develop chronic hep?

Answer 15

hepatic failure within 2-3 weeks

80%

Question 16

what is a chronic carrier?

Answer 16

diseases for more than 6 months

Question 17

Which autoimmune diseases can cause hepatitis?

Answer 17

Primary biliary cirrhosis

primary sclerosing cholangitis

Question 18

Which genetic diseases cause hepatitis?

Answer 18

Wilsons disease

Haematochromosis

Question 19

What is liver cirrhosis?

Answer 19

irreversible destruction of the liver structure leading to fibrosis and nodule formation
cell death and transformation to stellate cells

Question 20

which orofacial features are associated with liver disease?

Answer 20

Swellling of the salivary glands

spider naevi

Question 21

what are the implications of liver disease for dentists?

Answer 21

disordered clotting
more prone to infections
poor healing
hypotensive
hepatic encephalopathy means brain more sensitive to analgesics and sedtives
liver transplant
metabolism of drugs

Question 22

WHat is hepatic encepahalopathy?

Answer 22

this is caused by the actions of bacteria in the gut on protein which are broken down to release amines and ammonia.
liver does not remove these and they reach the brain acting as false neurotransmitters

Question 23

What is primary biliary cirrhosis? which diseases is it seen with?

Answer 23

seen in middle aged women
destruction of the intrahepatic bile duct
associated with coelics and sjrogens

AI

Question 24

What is primary scleroising cholangitis?

Answer 24

AI
middle aged men
destruction of intra and extrahepatic bile ducts

Question 25

What is wilsons disease?

Answer 25

AR disease
associated with defective transmembrane ATPase enzyme repsonsible for excreting copper into bile

builds up in basal ganglia

Question 26

What is haematochromsis?

Answer 26

Iron accumalates in tissues