Drug Reactions Flashcards by anisah h

How can you classify adverse drug reactions?

Type A: intolerance and side effects: dose dependant and predictable
Type B: idiosyncratic effect
Type C: chronic effect

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What are the two categories of adverse drug reactions?

Drug induced illnesses

Drug drug interactions

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What are the 8 features of adverse drug reactions?

Over dose
Intolerance
Idiosyncrasy
Side effect
Teratogenic 
Hypersensitivy
Drug interactions

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How dose a drug overdose occur?

Ingestion or application of a drug in quantities greater than are recommended

May lead to death

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What is the max dose of aspirin in 24hours?

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What are the signs of aspirin overdose?

Tinnitus 
Deafness
Hyperventilation 
Sweating 
coma
Reye's syndrome

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What is Reye’s syndrome?

Causes liver and brain damage
Persistant vomiting 
Loss of energy
Delerium and mood changes 
Drowsiness

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How do you treat aspirin overdose?

Gastric lavage
Activated charcoal
Sodium bicarbonate and hameodialysis if severe

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What is the max dose of paracetamol in 24 hours?

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What are the signs of paracetamol over dose?

Nausea and vomiting
Encephalopathy 
Hypoglycaemia 
Cerebral oedema
Death 
Hameorrhage

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How do you treat paracetamol overdose?

Gastric lavage
Activated charcoal
Liver transplant
Parvolex

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What are the signs of opioid toxicity?

Sedation
Unresponsive nausea
Myoclonus jerks
Low RR
Constricted pupils
Hypotension

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What is the antidote for opioids?

Naloxone

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What is intolerance? Which factors may predispose to intolerance?

A lower threshold to the normal pharmacological action of a drug

Associated with age and renal and hepatic impairment

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What is idiosyncrasy?

Abnormal refrain to a drug to an abnormality of the individual

Eg lack of enzyme

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What are side effects?

Undesirable action of a drug

What are secondary effects?

Unwanted and indirect consequence of taking a drug

When are foetus most at risk from teratogenic effects?

First trimester

What is a hypersensitivity reaction?

Immunologically mediated reaction characterised by specificity and recurrence on re exposure

What is the Gell and Cloombs classification?

Hypersensitivy

1-4

What are the features of hypersensitivity type 1?

Name examples

Immediate
IgE mediated
Degranulation of mast cells

Eg asthma, anaphylaxis

What are the features of hypersensitivity type 2?

Name examples

Antibody antigen mediated
IgM/G

Graves’ disease and drug induced thrombocytopenia

What are the features of hypersensitivity type 3?

Name examples

Immune complex mediated

Immune complexes deposit in tissues

Eg rheumatoid arthritis , SLE

What are the features of hypersensitivity type 4?

Name examples

Delayed type

T helper cells sensitised resulting in macrophage and Tcyto accumulation

GvHD

What are drug interactions?

When one drug is modified by another

What are the drug causes of oral ulceration?

Olanzipine R Alendronate Losartan ``` sUlphonamides L Cytotoxic, clarithromycin, captopril, cocaine sErataline inhibitors pRotease inhibitors A T Immunosuppresants I O NSAIDs nicorandil ```

What drugs are associated with EM?

Antibiotics: penicillins, hydantoins, tetracyclines, clindamicin Anti hypertensives: verampiril, minoxidil Pain and CNS: barbiturates, phenytoin, carbamazepine, codeine OCP

How can drugs affect the salivary glands?

Xerostomia Hyper salivation Pain Swellings

Which drugs can cause xerostomia?

``` Antocholinergics Antidepressants Antipsychotic Anti hypertensives Antihistamine Antimuscarinic Diuretics ``` Benzodiazepines and opiates

Which drugs are associated with hyper salivation?

Anticholinesterases | Clozapine

Which drugs cause salivary gland swelling?

``` ACCI Antihypertensives CHX Cytotoxic Iodides ```

What drugs are associated with mucosal pigmentation?

``` CHX Betel Gold Amlgam OCP Anticonvulsants Antimalarial ```

Which drugs are associated with gingival hyperplasia?

Calcium channel blockers Phenytoin Ciclosprorin OCP

Which drugs are associated with involuntary facial movements?

``` LPC Lithium L dopa Phenytoin Carbamazepine ```

Which drugs are associated with Trigeminal Parasthesia?

VAALP ``` Vincristine Articaine Acetelozamide Labetol Protease inhibitor ```

Which drugs can cause halitosis?

``` ABC Anti thyroid Biguanides Baclofen Captopril Calcitonin Metronidazole ```

Which drugs can lead to angioedema?

Ace inhibitors Captopril Clindamicin