liver Flashcards
what are the surfaces of the liver?
the diaphragmatic, visceral, lateral, and apex surface
what makes up the diaphragmatic surface?
the superior, posterior, and anterior aspect of the liver
what makes up the visceral surface?
the inferior aspect of the liver
what is the subphrenic recess?
a zone that divides the liver and the diaphragm
how is the subphrenic recess divided again?
into right and left lobes by the falciform ligament
what is the hepatorenal recess?
the recess that divides the liver from the right kidney
what part of the visceral surface of the liver is covered with visceral peritoneum?
all of them except for the fossa for gallbladder and the porta hepatis
what structures are involved in the visceral surface of the liver?
esophagus, anterior kanan lambung, superior duodenum, lesser omentum, gallbladder, right co/lic flexure, transverse co/lon, kidney, dan juga suprarenal gland (Soviet Anthem)
apa fungsi falciform ligament dalam penempelan liver?
menempelkan liver ke dinding anterior abdomen
apa ligamen yang menempelkan liver ke diafragma?
anterior and posterior coronal ligament, right and left triangular ligament
apa ligament penempel hati ke struktur seperti … dan …?
lambung dan duodenum, ligamen hepatogastric dan hepatoduodenal
apa ligament penempel hati ke diafragma?
bagian liver yang menempel langsung ke diafragma tanpa peritoneum
di mana bare area pada liver?
posterosuperior
apa batasan anterior dari bare area liver?
anterior coronary ligament
what is the posterior border of the liver bare area?
posterior coronal ligament
what is the lateral border of the liver bare area?
the right triangular ligament
what is the medial border of the liver’s bare area?
vena cava inferior
where does the quadrate lobe originate from?
the right lobe
where does the caudate lobe originate from?
between the right and left lobe
what are the borders of the quadrate lobe?
lateral: gallbladder fossa
medial: fissure for ligamentum teres
what are the borders of the caudate lobe?
lateral: inferior vena cava
medial: fissure for ligamentum venosum
what vascularizes the liver?
the right and left hepatic artery from the proper hepatic artery
why are some hepatocytes binucleate?
aging, surgical resectioning, metabolic stress, they indicate insulin dysfunction
bagaimana karakteristik hepatosit?
hexagonal, granula
apa yang dilakukan dalam ostomy?
penempelan GI tract ke anterior abdomen
what does ALT and AST stand for
alanine transferase and aspartate transferase
what would you expect in patients with a liver disease?
ALT (alanine transaminase)>AST(aspartate transaminase)
why is ALT>AST in liver disease?
ALT is more specific to the liver, while the AST is more general
if AST is high and ALT is normal, where is the damage?
most likely extrahepatic, consider muscle and check for CPK
are there exceptions to the liver damage ALT>AST rule? why?
alcohol liver damage, alcohol rises AST, however AST clearance takes 36 hours while acute alcohol testing happens usually 24 hours within drinking
where else is the source of ALP? (this can be used for diagnosis)
osteoblastic activity/osteoblasts
what if there’s a sudden rise in ALP & GGT?
hepatocellular carcinoma
why does alcohol increase GGT?
GGT is produced to detoxify alcohol
how does cirrhosis contribute to the intrahepatic vasculature of its surrounding areas?
distortion causes portal hypertension
what are the complications of cirrhosis (in terms of spleen)?
hypertension of splenic veins may lead to splenomegaly
what are the complications of cirrhosis (in terms of vasculature)?
varicose at portosystemic anastomosis
what does the hepatic portal system do?
drains blood from the viscera to the liver
what drains these blood back to the heart?
the hepatic veins
what does portal hypotension do to blood flow (in terms of collateral channels)?
blood flows to the anastomoses of the portosystemic veins
where are the 3 largest anastomosis regions?
the gastroesophageal area (between gastric and esophagus veins [azygos])
the anus (superior rectal to the middle and inferior vein)
the anterior abdominal wall (the paraumbilical and the anterior abdominal veins)
what are the varicose of these respective veins called?
varices at the anorectal junction
esophageal varices
caput medusae at umbilicus
