gallbladder

Question 1

apa yang terletak di anterior - superior gallbladder?

Answer 1

batas inferior liver dan dinding abdominal anterior

Question 2

apa yang terletak di posterior gallbladder?

Answer 2

transverse colon dan duodenum proximal

Question 3

apa yang terletak di inferior gallbladder?

Answer 3

pohon biliari dan sisa duodenum

Question 4

what are the anatomical sections of the gallbladder?

Answer 4

the pylorus, body, and neck

Question 5

what does the pylorus reflect?

Answer 5

inferior border of liver at the midclavicular line

Question 6

where is the body of the gallbladder in relation to the liver?

Answer 6

adjacent to the posterior inferior of the liver

Question 7

what part of the neck of the gallbladder is the main location of…?

Answer 7

the hartmann’s pouch, cholestasis

Question 8

what does “cholestasis” mean etymologically?

Answer 8

chole means bile and stasis means to stand still, so the bile is still and unflowing

Question 9

by what means does the bile unflow?

Answer 9

impaired hepatocyte bile secretion, biliary tree lodging, hartmann’s pouch lodging

Question 10

how do you classifiy cholestasis?

Answer 10

intra and extrahpeatic

Question 11

what factors may cause intrahepatic cholestasis?

Answer 11

hepatitis

Question 12

what factors may cause extrahepatic cholestasis?

Answer 12

biliary atresia (in infants), bile duct obstruction, primary sclerosing cholangitis

Question 13

what causes biliary atresia?

Answer 13

bacterial infection, unproper embrionic development

Question 14

what is a bile canaliculi?

Answer 14

the duct preceeding the biliary tree that stores the bile produced by hepatocytes temporarily

Question 15

what is the morphology of cholestasis?

Answer 15

bile flow is slow, the canaliculi and the hepatocytes are therefore filled with bile from reverse flow.

Question 16

what happens to the canaliculi?

Answer 16

becomes thicker and bigger (elongated bile plugs)

Question 17

what happens to the hepatocytes during cholestatis?

Answer 17

accumulation of bile pigments and then feathery degeneration

Question 18

what happens when the hepatocytes and clinical features implode from overfilling?

Answer 18

kupffer cells will come in and eat the bile (then filled by the bile pigments)

Question 19

what matter gets to the blood when bile regurgitation happens?

Answer 19

bilirubin, bile salt, and cholestrol

Question 20

what happens when bilirubin gets into the bloodstream?

Answer 20

dark urine, jaundice

Question 21

what happens when bile salt gets into the bloodstream?

Answer 21

pruritis (itching) of the soles and the palms

Question 22

what happens when cholestrol gets into the bloodstream?

Answer 22

xanthoma (fat accumulation on skin)

Question 23

the bile supply to the intestine being interrupted causes what to happen?

Answer 23

pale stool and ADEK vitamins malabsorbtion

Question 24

what comes after the right and left hepatic duct?

Answer 24

the common hepatic duct

Question 25

what is the superiormost structure of the biliary tree

Answer 25

the right and left hepatic duct that binds to become the common hepatic duct

Question 26

what does the common hepatic duct connect with? what does it form?

Answer 26

the cystic duct to form the common bile duct

Question 27

what does the common bile duct connect with? what does it form?

Answer 27

the pancreatic duct to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla of Vater

Question 28

why do gallstones form?

Answer 28

imbalance of cholestrol and/or bile salts or failure of emptying the gallbladder

Question 29

what is the cool name for gallstone?

Answer 29

cholelithiasis

Question 30

what can gallstone cause the gallbladder?

Answer 30

inflammation called cholecystitis

Question 31

what is it called when the gallstone lodges the common bile duct?

Answer 31

choledocholithiasis

Question 32

what can common bile duct lodging cause?

Answer 32

cholangitis

Question 33

what is the charcot’s triad

Answer 33

fever, RUQ pain, jaundice

Question 34

what is reynold’s pentad

Answer 34

fever, RUQ pain, jaundice, sepsis (hypotension), and altered mental state (confusion)

Question 35

what are the 2 types of gallstone?

Answer 35

cholestrol and pigment stones?

Question 36

why pigment stones?

Answer 36

because it’s not only bilirubin, but also calcium

Question 37

what is contained in cholesterol stones?

Answer 37

they contain crystalline cholesterol monohydrates

Question 38

what are the 2 subdivisions of pigment stones?

Answer 38

black and brown

Question 39

what is the black one made of

Answer 39

calcium bilirubinate + calcium carbonate + <20% cholesterol

Question 40

what is the brown one made of?

Answer 40

calcium bilirubinate + calcium soaps of fatty acid + <20% cholesterol

Question 41

why are females more prone to get cholelithiasis

Answer 41

estrogen increases estrogen and lowers bile acid

Question 42

why do black stones happen?

Answer 42

increase of unconjugated bilirubin (crohn, thallasemia, sickle cell, sferocitosis, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia)

Question 43

why do brown stones happen?

Answer 43

bile stasis from clonorchis sinensis, roundworms, and e coli