Lesson 17: Managing Glaciated Lanscapes Flashcards
Define stakeholder
People who are affected by or have an interest in something
International government organisations interest in glacial landscapes
Aim to promote international cooperation, including protection of the natural environment to achieve global sustainability
Example of international governmental organisations
United Nations Environment Programme - Antarctica international treaty in 1959
Transnational cooperations interest in glacial landscapes
Utilise economic resources to maximise profits and meet needs of shareholders, industries and consumers
Example of TNC
Royal Dutch Shell
ExxonMobil
Global, national and local pressure groups interest in glacial landscapes
Influence public policy for a particular cause - can be resource exploitation or change legislation to allow resource exploitation in protected areas
Examples of pressure groups
Greenpeace - want to protect environment
ANWR.org who are campaigning for exploitation in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska
National and local government interest in glacial landscapes
Appropriate management strategies to balance economic, social and environmental concerns for society
Must manage conflict
Local business interest in glacial landscapes
Need to use local economic resources to maintain livelihood and quality of life
Examples of local businesses
Farming, fishing and ski hire
Native peoples interest in glacial landscapes
Depend on the natural environment for survival - food, shelter, clothing and transport
Migrate withing a region which may conflict with other stakeholders
Spiritual and cultural links to physical environment
Example of native people
Inuit
Tourist and visitor interest in glacial landscape
Require infrastructure and accommodation to enjoy scenery, wildlife or recreational opportunities
Strong aesthetic value and appreciation for nature
Management option of total exploitation
-Maximum economic exploitation without any protection of the natural environment
-Often preferred approach of business and industry where there are large reserves of minerals, metals or fossil fuels that require open cast mining or large scale infrastructure
-Conflict with conservationists and native people, who often depend on the natural landscape and live in harmony with it
Example of total exploitation method
Concerns that the Russian government will favour total exploitation of the Yamal Peninsula for gas, which could result in considerable environmental and cultural degradation
Management option of sustainable exploitation
-Aims to find a balance between the need for resource exploitation and economic growth, and the need to conserve the natural environmental and indigenous cultures
-Aims to take into account the interests of all stakeholders to reduce conflict
-Relies on compromise - difficult to achieve
Example of sustainable exploitation method
Alpine Convention is a legislative framework that aims to achieve sustainable management of the European Alps
Management option of total protection
-Completely conserve the natural environment, maintaining pristine conditions
-Only exploitation is limited scientific research and regulated tourism (such as eco-tourism)
-Usually supported by conservationists, but may causes conflict with local people, businesses, industries and governments who wish to increase economic productivity through resource exploitation
-Most feasible in remote locations, which are either uninhabited or sparsely population
Example of total protection method
Antarctica - The North East of Greenland National Park and the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska
-Enforced by national or international legal frameworks, such as the Antarctica Treaty
Number of countries signed the Antarctica treaty?
53
Number visiting Antarctica in 2007/08?
46 000
Positives of Antarctica Treaty
-Protects effectively by strict rules
-No exploitation of the land
-Support from 50+ countries
Negatives of Antarctica Treaty
-Disagreements could occur
-Some countries aren’t signed up
-More land claimed by some countries than others – more pressure for these countries not to use their ‘chunk’
-Tourisms still allowed, trust in travel companies and education of tourists on how to protect area
Area of Yosemite National Park?
302 687 km2
Height range of YNP?
648-4000m
Number of visitors to YNP in 2016?
5 million visitors
% of visitors in 6% of the national park?
90%
Accommodation for how many overnight visitors in YNP?
16 000
Management problems in YNP?
-Degradation of natural vegetation with habitat fragmentation
-Invasion of alien plant species
-Frequent wildfires
-Traffic congestion - pollution
-Brown bear problem - raid rubbish
-Overcrowding
Management principles for YNP?
-Retain unique beauty of the whole park
-Allow natural processes to prevail and protect native american settlements
-Promote visitor understanding and enjoyment
-Reduce traffic congestion and overcrowding by developing car parks outside the park - use electric shuttle buses
Negatives of management principles for YNP?
-Controversial cutting number of overnight beds and car parking to outside the park
-Visitor resistance to controlling recreation use and access
Describe Alpine Convention
-Legislative frameworks on an international scale
-Offsetting scheme for carbon emissions has been set up, this is to offset emissions generated by tourists
Countries in Alpine Convention
Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Slovenia and Switzerland and EU
Positives of Alpine Convention
-Combines multiple countries who are working towards the same goal.
-Aims to create a balance between exploitation and protection
-Tackles climate change
Negative of Alpine Convention
-Tourists still allowed to visit area
-Not all countries have ratified all of the protocols
-Disagreements between communities about the lack of responsibility they have
