Lesson 17: Managing Glaciated Lanscapes

Question 1

Define stakeholder

Answer 1

People who are affected by or have an interest in something

Question 2

International government organisations interest in glacial landscapes

Answer 2

Aim to promote international cooperation, including protection of the natural environment to achieve global sustainability

Question 3

Example of international governmental organisations

Answer 3

United Nations Environment Programme - Antarctica international treaty in 1959

Question 4

Transnational cooperations interest in glacial landscapes

Answer 4

Utilise economic resources to maximise profits and meet needs of shareholders, industries and consumers

Question 5

Example of TNC

Answer 5

Royal Dutch Shell
ExxonMobil

Question 6

Global, national and local pressure groups interest in glacial landscapes

Answer 6

Influence public policy for a particular cause - can be resource exploitation or change legislation to allow resource exploitation in protected areas

Question 7

Examples of pressure groups

Answer 7

Greenpeace - want to protect environment
ANWR.org who are campaigning for exploitation in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska

Question 8

National and local government interest in glacial landscapes

Answer 8

Appropriate management strategies to balance economic, social and environmental concerns for society
Must manage conflict

Question 9

Local business interest in glacial landscapes

Answer 9

Need to use local economic resources to maintain livelihood and quality of life

Question 10

Examples of local businesses

Answer 10

Farming, fishing and ski hire

Question 11

Native peoples interest in glacial landscapes

Answer 11

Depend on the natural environment for survival - food, shelter, clothing and transport
Migrate withing a region which may conflict with other stakeholders
Spiritual and cultural links to physical environment

Question 12

Example of native people

Answer 12

Inuit

Question 13

Tourist and visitor interest in glacial landscape

Answer 13

Require infrastructure and accommodation to enjoy scenery, wildlife or recreational opportunities
Strong aesthetic value and appreciation for nature

Question 14

Management option of total exploitation

Answer 14

-Maximum economic exploitation without any protection of the natural environment
-Often preferred approach of business and industry where there are large reserves of minerals, metals or fossil fuels that require open cast mining or large scale infrastructure
-Conflict with conservationists and native people, who often depend on the natural landscape and live in harmony with it

Question 15

Example of total exploitation method

Answer 15

Concerns that the Russian government will favour total exploitation of the Yamal Peninsula for gas, which could result in considerable environmental and cultural degradation

Question 16

Management option of sustainable exploitation

Answer 16

-Aims to find a balance between the need for resource exploitation and economic growth, and the need to conserve the natural environmental and indigenous cultures
-Aims to take into account the interests of all stakeholders to reduce conflict
-Relies on compromise - difficult to achieve

Question 17

Example of sustainable exploitation method

Answer 17

Alpine Convention is a legislative framework that aims to achieve sustainable management of the European Alps

Question 18

Management option of total protection

Answer 18

-Completely conserve the natural environment, maintaining pristine conditions
-Only exploitation is limited scientific research and regulated tourism (such as eco-tourism)
-Usually supported by conservationists, but may causes conflict with local people, businesses, industries and governments who wish to increase economic productivity through resource exploitation
-Most feasible in remote locations, which are either uninhabited or sparsely population

Question 19

Example of total protection method

Answer 19

Antarctica - The North East of Greenland National Park and the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska
-Enforced by national or international legal frameworks, such as the Antarctica Treaty

Question 20

Number of countries signed the Antarctica treaty?

Answer 20

53

Question 21

Number visiting Antarctica in 2007/08?

Answer 21

46 000

Question 22

Positives of Antarctica Treaty

Answer 22

-Protects effectively by strict rules
-No exploitation of the land
-Support from 50+ countries

Question 23

Negatives of Antarctica Treaty

Answer 23

-Disagreements could occur
-Some countries aren’t signed up
-More land claimed by some countries than others – more pressure for these countries not to use their ‘chunk’
-Tourisms still allowed, trust in travel companies and education of tourists on how to protect area

Question 24

Area of Yosemite National Park?

Answer 24

302 687 km2

Question 25

Height range of YNP?

Answer 25

648-4000m

Question 26

Number of visitors to YNP in 2016?

Answer 26

5 million visitors

Question 27

% of visitors in 6% of the national park?

Answer 27

90%

Question 28

Accommodation for how many overnight visitors in YNP?

Answer 28

16 000

Question 29

Management problems in YNP?

Answer 29

-Degradation of natural vegetation with habitat fragmentation
-Invasion of alien plant species
-Frequent wildfires
-Traffic congestion - pollution
-Brown bear problem - raid rubbish
-Overcrowding

Question 30

Management principles for YNP?

Answer 30

-Retain unique beauty of the whole park
-Allow natural processes to prevail and protect native american settlements
-Promote visitor understanding and enjoyment
-Reduce traffic congestion and overcrowding by developing car parks outside the park - use electric shuttle buses

Question 31

Negatives of management principles for YNP?

Answer 31

-Controversial cutting number of overnight beds and car parking to outside the park
-Visitor resistance to controlling recreation use and access

Question 32

Describe Alpine Convention

Answer 32

-Legislative frameworks on an international scale
-Offsetting scheme for carbon emissions has been set up, this is to offset emissions generated by tourists

Question 33

Countries in Alpine Convention

Answer 33

Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Slovenia and Switzerland and EU

Question 34

Positives of Alpine Convention

Answer 34

-Combines multiple countries who are working towards the same goal.
-Aims to create a balance between exploitation and protection
-Tackles climate change

Question 35

Negative of Alpine Convention

Answer 35

-Tourists still allowed to visit area
-Not all countries have ratified all of the protocols
-Disagreements between communities about the lack of responsibility they have