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Geography > Lesson 13: The Value Of Relict And Active Glaciated Landscapes > Flashcards

Lesson 13: The Value Of Relict And Active Glaciated Landscapes Flashcards

1
Q

Define cultural value

A

Relates to the ideas and behaviour of society

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2
Q

Define environmental value

A

Biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) things around us

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3
Q

Examples under cultural value

A

Spiritual and religious isnpiration
Leisure and recreation opportunities
Native people with distinctive cultures
Scientific research i.e. core analysis

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4
Q

Examples of environmental value

A

Water cycling
Climate control
Carbon cycling
Weather system control
Fragile ecosystems
Carbon sequestration
Genetic diversity

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5
Q

Greenland population density?

A

0.14 people per km2

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6
Q

% of Greenland population who are Inuit?

A

80%

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7
Q

% of greenland poplaution of European descent?

A

12%

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8
Q

% of global ice mass in Greenland?

A

10%

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9
Q

Which organisation reported the loss in ice mass in Greenland in 2014?

A

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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10
Q

How much has the average rate of ice loss in the Greenland ice sheet increased by, between which years?

A

34 Gt in 1992-2001 to 215 Gt in 2002-2011

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11
Q

How much did the Greenland ice sheet contribute to sea level rise between 1993-2010?

A

0.33mm per year

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12
Q

If the whole of the Greenland ice sheet melted it would cause how much rise to sea levels?

A

7m

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13
Q

What cities would flood as a result of the Greenland ice sheet melting?

A

Boston, LA, London, NYC, Shanghai

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14
Q

Which countries would disappear if the Greenland ice sheet melted?

A

Bangladesh and Maldives

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15
Q

What characteristic does ice have which affects and regulates climate?

A

High albedo

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16
Q

How would this characteristic change with increased melting?

A

Reduced ice mass means reduced surface albedo, increasing the amount of solar energy absorbed, further increasing temperatures - positive feedback loop

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17
Q

How do Greenlandic Inuit's use the landscape and resources?

A

Hunting, fishing and herding

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18
Q

How have environmental groups affected the Inuit way of life?

A

Hunting limits on most species, and the loss of sea ice is reducing hunting grounds

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19
Q

How is the Greenland ice sheet useful to scientists?

A

Unique record of the Earth's climate history - made up of layers of snow and ice, with trapped gases, dust, pollen, and water molecules

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20
Q

Economic benefit of meltwater?

A

Hydroelectric power
Valuable deposits of oil, gas, metals and minerals

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21
Q

What could open up as the changing climate causes sea ice retreat?

A

New commercial shipping routes

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22
Q

Example of new trade route?

A

Northwestern Passage

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23
Q

Environmental impacts to the Greenland ice sheet?

A

Marine pollution
Overfishing
Discharge of ballast water may introduce invasive species
Intensive mining - pollution

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24
Q

When and where did a protest occur by conservationists in Greenland after a reverse on a ban of radioactive uranium mining?

A

2014
Capital Nuuk

25
Q

What was found in polar bears which makes their future uncertain?

A

POPs (persistent organic pollutants)
Impair ability to reproduce

26
Q

Political tensions in the Arctic? When?

A

2007 Russia placed a flag on the seabed to claim the area - tensions with other Arctic nations like Denmark and Canada

27
Q

Example of periglacial landscape

A

Yamal Peninsular, Russia

28
Q

Temperatures in the Yamal Peninsular?

A

Lowest of -50 degrees

29
Q

How deep is permafrost in Yamal Peninsular?

A

Up to 300m deep

30
Q

Nomadic people in the Yamal?

A

Nenets - nomadic reindeer herders

31
Q

Environmental value of Yamal?

A

Migratory habitat for birds in the summer
Large-scale carbon sink
Stores methane in permafrost

32
Q

Cultural value of Yamal to the Nenets?

A

Use reindeer for transport, clothing, hides for tents, meat and income - all used sustainably
Migrate seasonally to avoid cold temps. and prevent overgrazing

33
Q

How many Nenets does reindeer herding support?

A

10 000

34
Q

How many reindeer do the Nenets herd?

A

300 000 domesticated reindeer

35
Q

How much of the Yamal is owned by herders?

A

80%

36
Q

Why are the herders unable to compete economically?

A

World's largest gas reserve beneath

37
Q

% of gas reserves below?

A

25%

38
Q

What was discovered in the Yamal in July 2014?

A

Large sinkholes

39
Q

What area of the Yamal was destroyed by gas infrastructure constructed?

A

Pasture on the Bovanenkovo gas field

40
Q

What is the Yamal now part of and being developed by?

A

Part of the Yamal megaproject
Gazprom

41
Q

How many km of railway are to be built in the Yamal?

A

572 km

42
Q

How many herders have been evicted by developing infrastructure?

A

160 reindeer herders

43
Q

How does farming provide economic value to glaciers?

A

In developing country’s, mountainous regions suffer from limitations in transport links, access to essential supplies and markets and employment opportunities. The highlands are largely inhabited by indigenous communities who gain their living from subsistence farming

44
Q

% of people in Bolivia living in High Andes?

A

70%

45
Q

% of GDP those earn who live in High Andes?

A

30%

46
Q

% in Bolivia below the poverty line?

A

60%

47
Q

Where do the indigenous people live in the High Andes?

A

Altiplano

48
Q

Farming in developed countries to provide economic value?

A

Agriculture in upland glaciated regions is primarily pastoral (livestock) because of the above-average precipitation, rugged terrain with steep slopes and stony, shallow soils, which together make growing crops very difficult

49
Q

How does tourism provide economic value to glaciers?

A

Visitors attracted to the spectacular scenery of both present-day and relict glaciated landscapes. A huge range of year-round, outdoor activities are possible in Alpine landscapes such as hill walking, climbing, mountaineering and skiing

50
Q

Name some areas affected by tourism increasing?

A

Swiss Alps, Everest, Alaska, Greenland, Arctic and Antarctic etc

51
Q

How does forestry provide economic value to glaciers?

A

Upland areas are being used increasingly for forestry due to the difficulty to use the land for hill farming

52
Q

Where is forestry notable in this case?

A

UK - use of non-native, quick growing conifers like Sitka spruce used for soft-timber wood ad paper

53
Q

How does mining and quarrying provide economic value to glaciers?

A

-Glacial erosion removes regolith (loose overlying soil) and vegetation to expose economically valuable rocks - mined as many are igneous or metamorphic rocks
-In lowland areas, outwash deposits from the Pleistocene Ice Sheets provide a source of sand and gravel for the building industry - concrete

54
Q

How does hydroelectricity provide economic value to glcaiers?

A

Major use of water derived from glaciers

55
Q

Countries which source 90% of HEP from glaciers?

A

Norway and New Zealand

56
Q

How many HEP stations in Switzerland?

A

500

57
Q

% electricity from HEP in Switzerland?

A

70%

58
Q

Where can 'micro-hydros' revolutionise the quality of life for villages?

A

Nepal and Bolivia

Geography (74 decks)

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