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Geography > Carbon Lesson 20: Responding to Climate Change > Flashcards

Carbon Lesson 20: Responding to Climate Change Flashcards

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1
Q

Define adaption

A

Adopting new ways of doing things in order to live with the likely outcome of climate change

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2
Q

Define mitigation

A

Involves the reduction or prevention of GHG emissions by new technologies e.g. renewables

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3
Q

Which country has adopted a system of adaption through water conservation and managment?

A

Israel

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4
Q

What are some of this country’s methods of water conservation and management?

(Adaption)

A

-Smart irrigation
-Recycling sewage water
-Reducing agricultural consumption and importing water in food as virtual water
-Managing demand by charging ‘real value’ prices to reflect cost of supply

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5
Q

Describe land-use planning and flood-risk management

(Adaption)

A

Used for flood management where development of floodplains is limited to low-impact things
Low cost approach to flood management
Infiltration occurs naturally and surface run-off is reduced

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6
Q

Which countries are using conservation cropping in agriculture?

A

USA, Syria, and Iraq

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7
Q

Describe conservation cropping

(Adapation)

A

Growing crops using a no-tilling approach
Fewer fertilisers, retains stubble and grows cover crops
Improved soil heath, less erosion and better yields

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8
Q

Describe solar radiation management

(Adaption)

A

Form of climate engineering
Reflects solar rays and reduced global warming
Can be deployed quickly and offset GHGs
Uncertainty about how effective and expensive

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9
Q

What are some methods of solar radiation?

A

Pumping sulphur aerosols into the upper atmosphere
Cloud brightening
Space-based reflectors

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10
Q

Describe carbon taxation
(Mitigation)

A

Fee paid by users of fossil fuels directly linked o the level of CO2 emissions the fuel produces

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11
Q

Where is there carbon tax?

A

UK
Carbon price floor came into effect in 2013

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12
Q

Which country has improved energy efficiency?

A

Germany

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13
Q

Describe the energy efficiency policies in this country?

(Mitigation)

A

-Require a reduction of 25% in energy consumption
-Loans to renovate older, energy consuming properties
-Subsidies to improve efficiencies in manufacturing

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14
Q

Where did the USA rank for energy efficiency, out of the 16 major economies?

A

13th

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15
Q

Which countries lead afforestation and reforestation?

A

Canada and Sweden

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16
Q

How much did forest land increase by in South Korea between 1961-95?

A

4 to 6.3 million hectares

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17
Q

How many trees had been planted in South Korea by 2008?

A

11 billion

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18
Q

What fraction of South Korea is now forested?

A

2/3

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19
Q

What are the benefits of afforestation and reforestation?
(Mitigation)

A

-Restore degraded environments
-Prevent soil erosion
-More carbon sinks/stores of CO2 in forests

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20
Q

Which country leads in energy switching?

A

Sweden

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21
Q

How much has oil reliance decreased by in Sweden between 1970 to today?

A

70% down to 20%

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22
Q

What % of Sweden’s energy is produced by nuclear and HEP?

A

83%

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23
Q

What % of Sweden’s energy is from heat and power plants?

A

10%

24
Q

What % of Sweden’s energy is from wind?

A

7%

25
Q

Where was the first commercial carbon capture coal-fired power plant set up in 2014?

A

Boundary Dam in Canada’s Saskatchewan province

26
Q

How much GHG emissions does the CCS power plant in Canada expect to reduce?

A

1 million tonnes a year
Equivalent to 250 000 cars

27
Q

Advantages of water conservation of management (adaption)

A

Fewer resources used
Less groundwater abstracted
Use more grey water

28
Q

Negatives of water conservation of management (adaption)

A

Cannot meet demands
Needs promotion by governments

29
Q

Advantages of conservation cropping (adaption)

A

Higher tech, drought tolerant species
Low tech measures

30
Q

Negatives of conservation cropping (adaption)

A

More expensive
Need use of genetic modification - debated
High energy costs from intensive farming
Seeds unavailable to poor subsistence farmers

31
Q

What are the different players?

A

Global
National
Local
Public

32
Q

What is an example of a global player?

A

UN roadmaps and goals - SDG Roadmap has 5 parts: awareness raising, advocacy, implementation, monitoring and next steps
Supports local and regional governments to implement SDGs
+ Inclusive
+collective as a worldwide effort
- no review or check on progress

33
Q

What is a example of a national player?

A

Shell - investment into biofuel through a joint venture with Cosan in Brazil.
+ sets a good example for all other TNCs
- still plan to continue the use of fossil fuels just in combination with renewables
- requires high levels of investment - not possible for smaller TNCs

34
Q

What did Shell create in 2016? Purpose?

A

New Energies business
Explore investment opportunities in energy solutions combining wind and solar with gas

35
Q

What did Shell create in 1996? Purpose?

A

Shell Ventures
Invests in start-ups and enterprises to encourage growth. Still combine wind and solar with gas as focus

36
Q

Give an example of local player

A

Winchester’s WinACC who lobby for local change
Think globally but start locally
Community projects and priority to climate change, inspiring sustainable living
+ set an example to other local areas especially by including the whole community
+focusses on the main problem
-small aspect and impact as only local - bottom-up development which is still expensive

37
Q

When was WinACC set up?

A

2007

38
Q

What is the aim to cut Winchester District carbon footprint by?

A

60% by 2030

39
Q

How much do Winchester want energy to come from renewables?

A

15% by 2020

40
Q

Give an example of a public player

A

38 degrees campaign - online e-petitioning - aims to empower citizens by providing an easy way to take action
+ gives individuals influence
+ millions of users
- can’t actually implement changes

41
Q

How many people are involved with the 38 degrees campaign in the UK?

A

2 million people

42
Q

When was the non-profit 38 degrees programme laucnhed?

A

2009

43
Q

How many countries in the Paris Agreement?

A

195

44
Q

When was the Paris Agreement?

A

November 2016

45
Q

What did the countries agree to at Paris?

A

Accounted for 66% of emissions

46
Q

What was agreed the aim of limiting temperature change was?

A

1.5 degrees

47
Q

How often does progress have to be reported?

A

Every 5 years

48
Q

Advantages of the Paris Agreement

A

-Countries can set their own individual targets
-195 countries signed up
-Individual targets all work towards of limiting temperature increase to 1.5˚C

49
Q

Negatives of Paris Agreement

A

-No punishment if targets aren’t met
-Signing the agreement and acting on it are two different things
-A national effort is required for targets to be met, including public backing, which can be tricky
-Progress reporting may not be accurate
-Not a truly global agreement as developing countries are omitted that haven’t created the pollution

50
Q

Where was COP26? What did it agree?

A

Glasgow
Maintain the 1.5 degree limit

51
Q

What was the Kyoto protocol?

A

An international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, whichcommitsits parties by setting internationally binding emission reduction targets

52
Q

When was the Kyoto Protocol?

A

1997
Came into force in 2005

53
Q

Failures of Kyoto Protocol

A

-Slow ratification due to economic impacts
- Only industrialised countries
-Complex trading system with carbon credits
-Emissions reductions may from other factors

54
Q

How many countries were supported by the Clean Development mechanism of Kyoto?

A

75

55
Q

What % were emissions cut by in 2012 compared to 1990 levels?

A

22.6%

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