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Geography > Lesson 15: Threats > Flashcards

Lesson 15: Threats Flashcards

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1
Q

Examples of natural threats?

A

Landslides/debris slides
Rockfall
Glacial outburst floods
Avalanches

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2
Q

Examples of human threats?

A

Leisure and tourism
Reservoir construction
Urbanisation

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3
Q

Define avalanche?

A

An avalanche exists where sheer stress exceeds sheer strength of a mass of snow located on a slope

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4
Q

How many deaths from avalanches a year?

A

200

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5
Q

Where do most avalanche deaths occur?

A

Alps and Rockies

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6
Q

Define glacial outburst flood

A

A powerful flood caused by the sudden discharge of a subglacial or ice moraine dammed lake

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7
Q

How many visitors a year does Zermatt, Switzerland attract?

A

2 million

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8
Q

What can the population be in Zermatt at the height of the ski season?

A

35 000

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9
Q

How does tourism act as a threat?

A

Creates a huge demand for energy and water and threatens environmental degradation due to urbanisation, increased noise and vehicle emissions and the expansion of ski areas

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10
Q

% of fresh water stored in glcaiers?

A

69%

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11
Q

How many glaciers in Chinese Tibetan Plateau?

A

37 000

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12
Q

How many rely on water from these glaciers?

A

2 billion people

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13
Q

How many reservoirs does China want to build?

A

59

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14
Q

Impact to environment from dam and reservoir construction?

A

Requires intense, heavy machinery and the clearing of land as well as irreversible damage to wildlife

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15
Q

How does urbanisation threaten the glacial environment?

A

-Settlements in polar regions tend to be surrounded by nothing and tend to be built for resource exploitation purposes including whaling, mining and fishing
-Issues with pollution and toxic waste

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16
Q

Cause of glacial outburst floods in Iceland?

A

Volcanic activity generates both meltwater beneath glaciers and acts as a trigger for ice instability and sudden release of meltwater

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17
Q

Where does the heat come from in Iceland? Which ice cap does it affect?

A

Heat fromGrimsvotn volcano
Beneath Vatnajokull ice cap

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18
Q

Discharge of ice cap in Iceland?

A

0.5-3.5 km3 every 3-6 years

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19
Q

Eruption in 1996 saw an ash plume of how high?

A

10 km

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20
Q

Cost of damage to infrastructure in Iceland?

A

$15 million

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21
Q

How is Zermatt ski resort sustainable?

A

Town is car-free, only electric buses or taxis as transport, use of solar and geothermal energy on buildings, waste water collected and purified for reuse for sanitation

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22
Q

% of slopes claimed to be repaired in Zermatt with vegetation?

A

85%

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23
Q

How much is invested into environmental projects in Zermatt each year?

A

1 million Swiss Francs

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24
Q

How many protected forests and designated wildlife sanctuaries does Zermatt have?

A

6 forests
10 sanctuaries

25
Q

Proposal to build a tower on Klein Matterhorn height and concerns?

A

4000m high
Concern for further degradation of the natural landscape

26
Q

How many car spaces in 2010 proposal for a new car park? Which environmental groups got involved?

A

2000 spaces
WWF and Pro Natura

27
Q

Amount of forest that would have to be removed for car park?

A

9000 m2

28
Q

4 human activities affecting the Lake District?

A

Soil erosion
Deforestation
Trampling
Landslides

29
Q

What is the Lake District an example of?

A

Relict Glaciated Landscape

30
Q

Miles of footpath in the Lake District?

A

2000 miles

31
Q

Number of tourists who visit the Lake District every year?

A

16 million tourists

32
Q

How is footpath erosion occurring in the Lake District?

A

Activities such as walking, climbing and camping

33
Q

How does footpath erosion destroy the environment?

A

-Destroy vegetation and compact soil, which reduces infiltration rate
-Exposed soil is more easily washed away by heavy rain
-Gullies may form, which channel even more water and cause further erosion
-Walkers try to avoid badly eroded sections of footpath - inevitably end up widening them

34
Q

How much did visitors spend in the Lake District in 2014?

A

£1.1 billion

35
Q

How many jobs does the LD Park provide?

A

16,000 jobs

36
Q

What theory does the LD support?

A

Multiplier effect

37
Q

Year an aqueduct was connected between Thirlmere and Manchester?

A

1894

38
Q

How long is the aqueduct?

A

96 miles

39
Q

% of land used in the fell tops in LD?

A

60%

40
Q

Height of the fell tops in LD?

A

600m high

41
Q

% of land use in lower slopes? Use?

A

30%
Raising sheep for wool and lamb - autumn and spring

42
Q

% of land used on the flat valley floor? Use?

A

10%
Growing crops, shearing and cattle

43
Q

What is Sagarmatha National Park an example of?

A

Active Glaciated Landscape

44
Q

Famous landmark in Sagarmatha?

A

Mt. Everest

45
Q

Number of Sherpa people in Sagarmatha?

A

6000

46
Q

Number of people who visited Sagarmatha in 2014?

A

37 000

47
Q

Height of Mt. Everest?

A

8848 m

48
Q

Causes of deforestation in Sagarmatha?

A

Farming
Use of firewood as fuel
Clearing forested areas to build roads, reservoirs

49
Q

% of Nepalese forests remaining?

A

30%

50
Q

Consequences of reduced Nepalese forestry?

A

-Loss of wildlife habitats and biodiversity
-Erosion of exposed soils leading to infertile soil as nutrients are washed away.
-Increased risk of landslides
-Disruption of the water cycle

51
Q

% of Sherpa who are Buddhist?

A

93%

52
Q

Cultural significance of Everest to Sherpa?

A

-Worshipped as part of Buddhist beliefs - caves, forests and mountains
-Restricted hunting and respect for all living things

53
Q

Number to reach Everest Summit?

A

6000

54
Q

% of those to reach summit who were guided clients?

A

90%

55
Q

Issues with the number of people now paying thousands to climb everest?

A

Polluting camps with litter, abandoned equipment and human waste

56
Q

What is being called for to reduce effects of the number of tourists on Everest?

A

-Limit the number of permits given to climbers each year
-Restrict group sizes to reduce dangerous traffic jams - particularly at the Hillary Step
-Insist all guides are qualified

57
Q

% glaciers around Everest shrunk by in last 50 years up to 2013?

A

13%

58
Q

How much has the snow line around Everest shrunk by in the last 50 years up to 2013?

A

180m

Geography (74 decks)

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