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Geography > Lesson 12: Unconventional Fossil Fuels > Flashcards

Lesson 12: Unconventional Fossil Fuels Flashcards

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1
Q

What are tar sands?

A

Also known as oil sands. Naturally occurring mixtures of sand, clay, water and a dense viscous form of petroleum called bitumen

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2
Q

What % of tar sands does Canada have?

A

73%

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3
Q

What is oil shale?

A

Deposits of organic compounds called kerogen in sedimentary rocks that have not undergone sufficient pressure, heat or time to become conventional oil

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4
Q

What % of oil shale does the USA have?

A

77%

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5
Q

What is shale gas?

A

Usually methane in coal seams, or natural gas trapped in fractures and pores of sandstones and shales

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6
Q

What is deepwater oil?

A

Accessible reserves (e.g. North Sea oil) run out, prospecting companies have to look into deeper ocean waters with greater risks and costs

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7
Q

Where is deepwater drilling occuring

A

Gulf of Mexico and Brazil’s off-shore reserves

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8
Q

Define peak oil

A

When oil production will reach a global peak, before declining sharply

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9
Q

What is predicted to be the most used fossil fuel by 2030?

A

Unconventional gas

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10
Q

How many barrels of unconventional gas will there be by 2030?

A

10 million barrels (equivalent) per day

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11
Q

Where is deepwater drilling occurring?

A

200-300km off the coast of Brazil

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12
Q

Where are specific location of deepwater drilling in Brazil?

A

São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro

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13
Q

Which state company has developed these oil rigs?

A

Petrobras

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14
Q

How deep is drilling going down?

A

2000m below the surface of the water and thousands below the sea bed

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15
Q

How much do the special fleet of storage and offloading ships cost?

A

US$2 billion each

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16
Q

How much do investments in deepwater drilling amount to?

A

2014-2018 reached $221billion

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17
Q

How many barrels a day would Petronas produce from drilling?

A

500,000 barrels of oil

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18
Q

What are the social benefits?

A

More jobs
More energy secure in Brazil
Improved standards of living for people

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19
Q

What are the economic benefits?

A

Income from the exports of oil
Brazil is catching up with world’s leading economies
Greatest stock valuation

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20
Q

Implications to the environment from deepwater drilling

A

-Polluted sea water - to dirty to swim in
-Landscape is being scarred by the petrochemical oil stations
-Marine wildlife is under threat which is having a knock-on effect to biodiversity loss and food security
-Contribution to climate change and pollution of the atmosphere

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21
Q

Where is shale gas being extracted from in the US?

A

New York, Pennsylvania, Texas and West Virginia

22
Q

How is shale gas extracted?

A

-Drilling vertically down into the rock more than 1 km below the surface
-liquid solution made to force fissures and lines of weakness apart in order to free the trapped shale gas

23
Q

What % of US gas did shale increase by between 2000 and 2015

A

1-25%

24
Q

What are the economic benefits of shale gas?

A

-Reduces the need for imports
-Increases energy security
-Use as energy exporter

25
Q

In 2017 how many barrels of shale gas in surplus were exported?

A

1 million barrels

26
Q

Implications to the environment from shale gas

A

-Contamination of water supplies by the chemicals
-Produces airborne pollutants such as methane and sulphur dioxide
-Large amounts of water are consumed

27
Q

How much water is used for each gas well in New York?

A

20,000 cubic metres

28
Q

Where are tar sands extracted from in Canada?

A

Alberta

29
Q

How are tar sands extracted?

A

Open cast mining
Material is crushed and mixed with water and bitumen separated before use

30
Q

What companies are involved in tar sands?

A

Syncrude, Shell, ExxonMobil, BP

31
Q

Which environmental group called for an end to tar sand extraction?

A

Greenpeace

32
Q

A what cost is tar sands viable?

A

$40 a barrel

33
Q

How much does it cost to extract bitumen from tar sands?

A

$10-12 a barrel

34
Q

What is the cost of conventional oil extraction?

A

$2 a barrel

35
Q

How many barrels of conventional oil does it take to produce how many barrels of oil form tar sands?

A

1 barrel conventional oil
Produces 3 barrels from tar sands

36
Q

How many barrels of water for 1 barrel of oil in tar sands?

A

2-5 barrels

37
Q

How much toxic waste is produced from tar sands every day?

A

1.8 million tonnes

38
Q

How much of Alberta’s taiga forest has been removed?

A

470km squared

39
Q

What % of North America’s oil needs could tar sands meet by 2030?

A

16%

40
Q

What is the impact on local communities from tar sands extraction?

A
  • New jobs
  • Disruption to traditional way of life for indigenous people
    -Gambling, substance abuse and crime have increased
  • Housing crisis - many workers shipped in
  • Energy security
41
Q

What % of forest have company Syncrude claimed to have replanted? What is more likely the real figure?

A

12%
Less than 1%

42
Q

Where in the UK is a nuclear power plant being built?

A

Hinkley Point

43
Q

What is the cost of the nuclear power plant in the UK?

A

£18 billion

44
Q

How many years will the power plant provide energy for? How many jobs will it provide?

A

60 years
25 000 jobs

45
Q

What is the wind power project located off the coast of Yorkshire called?

A

Hornsea Project 1

46
Q

How high are the wind turbines?

A

190m high

47
Q

How many homes will the wind farm provide for?

A

1 million homes in 2020

48
Q

How many construction jobs will the wind farm provide?

A

2000

49
Q

Where is a solar power farm located in Bournemouth?

A

Chapel Lane Solar Farm, Christchurch

50
Q

How much did the solar farm cost?

A

£50 million

51
Q

How many households does this solar farm provide for?

A

60 000 or 75% of Bournemouth

52
Q

What % of UK energy is imported?

A

60%

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