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Geography > Lesson 10 and 11: Energy Players and Pathways > Flashcards

Lesson 10 and 11: Energy Players and Pathways Flashcards

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1
Q

Define energy pathways

A

Describes the flow of energy between the producer and consumer; and how it reaches the consumer e.g. pipeline, transmission line, ships, rail etc.

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2
Q

What are the objectives of energy players?

A

1) energy security - supply must meet demands
2) energy equity - must be accessible and affordable for all countries
3) environmental sustainability

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3
Q

What is biofuel?

A

Fuel derived from living/organic matter e.g. agricultural crops, forestry, bio waste

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4
Q

Define a primary biofuel

A

Fuelwood, wood chips, pellets and other organic material used in the unprocessed form, primarily for heating, cooking or electricity generation

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5
Q

Define secondary biofuel

A

Derived from the processing of biomass and includes liquid biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel, which can be used by vehicles and in industrial processes

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6
Q

How many tons of CO2 emissions has Brazil reduced by from using biofuels since 2003?

A

350 million tons

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7
Q

What are some negatives of biofuel?

A

Takes land from food production
Need pesticides and fertilisers which use fossil fuel in production
Require large volumes of water
Loss of a carbon sink and emissions from deforestation

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8
Q

What % higher than savings from biofuels are there in Brazil?

A

35-60%

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9
Q

What % more can some biofuels produce than coal?

A

150-400% more CO2

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10
Q

What is OPEC?

A

12 member countries
Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Control much of oil and gas in the global market and the prices

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11
Q

What fraction of the world’s oil reserves do OPEC hold?

A

2/3

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12
Q

What is the role of energy companies?

A

Convert primary energy into electricity and distribute
Considerable influence when setting consumer prices and tariffs

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13
Q

What % of the top 20 oil companies are state-owned?

A

50%

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14
Q

What are some examples of energy TNCs

A

Gazprom, BP and Total

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15
Q

What is the role of TNCs in energy?

A

Range of operations such as exploring, extracting, transporting refining and producing petrochemicals

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16
Q

What is the role of consumers?

A

Create the demand
Purchasing choices based on prices
Passive players when it comes to fixing energy prices

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17
Q

What are the most influential consumers?

A

Transport, industry and domestic users

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18
Q

What are the role of governments?

A

Influence sourcing of energy for geopolitical reasons
Meet international obligations and secure energy supplies for present and future
Regulate the role of private companies and environmental priorities

19
Q

What is the USA’s biofuel production?

A

15.5 billion litres

20
Q

What is Brazil’s biofuel production?

A

11.4 billion litres

21
Q

What is Europe’s biofuel production?

A

4.5 billion litres

22
Q

How much has energy demand increased by since the 1990s?

A

50%

23
Q

What % do fossil fuels make up global energy mix?

A

84%

24
Q

Which country doubled its oil consumption between 2000-2010?

A

China

25
Q

By what year will China be the world’s largest energy importer?

A

2035

26
Q

Define mismatch

A

Disparity between where fossil fuels are located and where the demand for them is greatest

27
Q

What do gas pathways rely on?

A

Depend on multilateral and bilateral agreements

28
Q

What is the major gas company for Europe?

A

Gazprom from Russia

29
Q

What % of the world’s oil is moved by tankers on fixed shipping routes?

A

50%

30
Q

What are choke points?

A

Narrow sea channels or a convergence of transport routes

31
Q

What is an example of a oil route with a choke point?

A

Suez Canal

32
Q

How wide is the Suez canal?

A

205m wide

33
Q

How many barrels of oil are transported through the Suez canal every day?

A

1 million barrels

34
Q

What % of global trade is transported through the Suez canal every day?

A

12%

35
Q

What container ship blocked the Suez Canal? When?

A

Evergreen ship
March 2021

36
Q

How many ships were delayed due to the blockage?

A

450 ships

37
Q

How much trade was lost each day?

A

$9.6bn a day

38
Q

Give an example of how geopolitical factors can disrupt energy pathways

A

Syrian conflict with Russia, and USA’s battle for control in Syria
Desire to control a pipeline which would travel through Syria, particularly desired by Russia

39
Q

Give an example of how militant action can disrupt energy pathways

A

December 2015 the International Marine Bureau reported piracy attacks in the Straits of Malacca

40
Q

How many piracy attacks along of the Straits of Malacca between 2009-15?

A

500

41
Q

Give an example of how weather can disrupt energy pathways

A

Storm in winter 2013 in UK - gas reserves fell to 6 hours as the storm damaged import pipelines

42
Q

Give an example of how political tensions and disagreements can disrupt energy pathways

A

3 out of 4 of Russia’s pipelines cross Ukraine to get to Europe
Conflict between them threatens energy security of Europe increasing prices

43
Q

What fraction of equity shares does ExxonMobil have in carbon capture and storage?

A

1/5

Geography (74 decks)

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