Health And Human Rights Lesson 7: Geopolitical Intervention Flashcards
When might military aid be given?
- To countries whose human rigths record over time is poor
- Often given at a change in regime so that there is support for improvement in human rights
Who were the top receivers of US foreign military spending in 2015?
Pakistan, Iraq and Yemen
(The worst human rights offenders in 2014)
How did Jordan breach human rights by threatening freedom of speech?
- Accepted refugees from Syria but refused entry to all Palestinian refugees escaping Syria
- Detained and deported all those who entered Jordan illegally
- Narrowed scope of judicial courts and pursued torture
When the US renwe a 5 year aid package for Jordan?
2014
How much economic assisstance was provided by the US aid package too Jordan?
$360 million
How much foreign military finance was provided by the US aid package to Jordan?
$300 million
How much was provided towards costs casued by instability in the US aid package to Jordan?
$340 million
What was Jordan’s Freedom index Score in 2016?
36/100
What are the disadvatages of miliatry aid?
- Aid may be given for political reasons to gain influence in a country or key region
- Takes a huge amount of time for political and cultural change, sometimes countries return to their old ways
Where did the Institute of Economics and Peace Global Terrorism Index of 2015 show that 2014 terrorism was concentrated?
In 5 countries - Iraq, Afghanistan, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Syria
What % of lives lost globally by terrorism were caused by the main 5 countries?
78%
What % of terrorism attacks were in countires that supported political violence and lacked a respect for human rights?
92%
How many fighters did ISIS have?
31 000
Why were ISIS so effecttive?
- Highly organised
- Wealthy due to oil gaining territory in Iraq and Syria to form a caliphate
What was the response of the UK ad US to ISIS?
Air strikes to halt and weaken
When was Osama bin Laden killed? Where?
2nd May 2011
Pakistan
Who was elected Afghan president in 2004 and 2009?
What was the aim?
Hamid Karzai
Instil democracy
When were the Taliban removed from power?
December 2001
How many US miliatry deaths in the war in Afghanistan?
2175
How much did the Afghan war cost the US per year?
$100 million
How many refugees did the US accept from Afghanistan?
90 000
How much did the Afghan war cost the UK?
£12 billion
How many UK soldiers were killed, wounded and psychologically injured in Afghanistan?
444 killed
2600 wounded
5000 psychologically injured
How much aid did Afghanistan receive from the UK over 5 years from 2014/15?
£710 million
How many refugess did the UK take from the Afghan war?
56 000
What are the advatages of military action, shown by Afghanistan?
- Can be argued that a change i regime in Afghanistan reduces the terrorist threat
- There have been success in improving human rights e.g. education and healthcare
What are the disadvatges of military action, shown by the Afghan war?
- Have bought into question the human rights record of those intervening
- Costly
What was Guantanamo Bay?
Construted by the US naval base in Cuba in 2002 to hold extremists
How many people were held at Guantanamo Bay in 2013? How many still remain?
775 pased through
55 still remain as of January 2017 - too dangerous to ever release
What was the issue with Guantanamo Bay?
- Beyond jurisdiction of US law
- According to the Supreme Court the treatment of detaineees violated the Geneva Conention
Obama called for its closure
How many civilian deaths were caused by the war in Afghanistan?
149 000
How many different regime changes has Afghanistan experienced in the past 50 years? Why is this a problem?
4+ changes
Difficult to re-unite and restructure countires after a regime change
Little stability created
How many people are in prison camps in North Korea?
80 000 - 120 000
When was development aid first given out and why? How has this changed over time?
- During the Cold War
- For political reasons to persuade countries West or East
- End of Cold War: realigned to help poor people anywhere in the World
- 21st century: politicised again to combat extremism or migration
What % of EU aid was for ‘government and civil society’ in 2014?
17.52%
What % of EU aid was for ‘humnaitarian aid’ in 2014?
17.63%
What 2 forms can development aid be given in?
Bilaterally
Multilaterally
What does bilateral aid allow?
Allows a country to pursue its own agenda
What is multilateral aid?
Given through the UN, World Bank and other NGOs but these are heavily influenced by powerful countries
What is Official Development Assisstance?
A term used by the OECD to measure aid. It is widely used as an indicator of flows of international aid
What is the UK’s target for bilateral aid? What does this equate to in £?
0.7% of gross national income
Equates to £11.2 billion in 2013
How much did the UK donate to Somalia in 2012? Why was this seen as controversial?
£86.8 million
Aiding the world’s highest ranked country for corruption
How much British aid was given to Afghanistan? Where were Afghanistan ranked for corruption in the world?
£200 million
Ranked 3rd
Which country was ranked the highest for receiving development aid in 2013? How much was this?
Afghanistan
$5.05 billion
How much development aid did Myanmar receieve in 2013?
$3417 million
Why is development aid seen as cotroversial?
- Much aid goes to highly corrupt nations - doesn’t actually go where it’s supposed to
- Much aid is in the form of loans which attracts intrest - all too easy to enter a spiral of debt
- It is a matter of friendship
Why is development aid seen as acceptable?
- The idea of technical assistance throught the transfer of expertise/skills/technology is seen as more acceptable than bottom up development
-Belief in philanthropy
What are trade embargos?
Foreign policies or laws that ban exports to and imports from a country in protest against actions by that country
What trade embargo was placed on Iran? Why?
Concerns over enriched unranium being exported
Lifted in 2016
What trade embargo was successful in Africa? What years was this between?
South Africa during the apartheid years
Ban on selling goods like weapons and petroleum
1948-1994
Which IGO condemned the trade embargo between the USA and Cuba?
UN
How much did the trade embargo witht the USA cost Cuba per year?
$685 million
How much did the trade embargo with Cuba cost the USA per year?
$1.2 billion
Who lifted the trade embargo between the USA and Cuba?
President Obama
What are the advantages of trade emabrgoes?
Severe economic implications can be enough to bring about a regime change/change in attitudes
What are the disadvatages of trade embargoes?
- Less money generated for the country. Civilians might lose out further
- Ususally leads to a diplomatic fall out
- Can also do it to protect domestic production, therefore rich countries get richer and the poor get poorer
What did Edmund Burke say about military action?
‘The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing’
How many Kurd deaths was Saddam Hussain responsible for in the genocide of the Kurdish population in norther Iraq?
180 000
What % of teenage girls are literate in Afghanistan?
37%
What % of women are literate in Afghanistan?
19%
How many students were enrolled in school under the Taliban? How many were girls?
1.2 million
50 000 were girls
How many children attended school in 2013 after the Taliban were removed?
10.5 million
