Lesson 1 Flashcards
Drug is derived from the word ______
Pharmakon
The “study of “or knowledge of”
Logia
Chemicals that are induced into the body to cause some sort of change
Drugs
Known as clinical pharmacology
Pharmacotherapeutics
The branch of pharmacology that uses drugs to treat, prevent, and diagnose disease
Pharmacotherapeutics
The study of drugs
Pharmacology
Clinical pharmacology addresses two key concern
- The drugs effect on the body
- The body’s response to the drug
What are the sources of drugs?
Natural and Synthetic
What are the natural sources
Plants
Animals
Inorganic compounds
Main component of growing alternative therapy movements
Plants
Example of Anti-malarial drugs
Quinine
Give examples of inorganic compounds
Aluminum
Chlorine
Gold
Iron
Aluminum is for
Antacid - gastric acidity
Chlorine is for what?
Dental cavities
It is a source of drugs that is not natural
Synthetic
An agency in the US that regulates the development and sale of drugs
FDA / Food and Drug Administration
Before receiving the final FDA approval, drugs must undergo the ______
Stages of development
Refers to the testing of chemicals with therapeutic value on laboratory animals
Preclinical trials
How many phases?
4
This phase uses human volunteers
Phase 1
Who are the common volunteers in the PHASE I
Young Men
Why young men in phase not women?
Woman are not good candidates for this phase since the chemicals may cause harmful effects on the ova
In this phase, it allows clinical investigators to try out the drug in patients who have the disease
Phase II
Phase II can be performed in
hospitals, clinics, doctors office
In this phase, it involves the use of the drug in a vast clinical market
Phase III
In this phase, the patient should be observed closely
Phase III
It is the “trade name”
Brand name
It refers to an approved drug developed by pharmaceutical company
Brand name
It is the original designation that a drug is given when the company that developed it applies for the approval process
Generic name
It reflect the chemical structure of the drug
Chemical name
These always appears STRAIGHT PRINT
generic and chemical name
These always appears ITALICISED
Brand name
Entire drug development and approval process may take _______
5-6 years
RA 6675
Generics Act of 1988
Generics Act of 1988
RA 6675
Dangerous Act of 1972
RA 6425
Comprehensive Drug Act of 2002
Ra 9165
This phase refers to continual evaluation after a drug was approved for marketing
Phase IV
Safety during pregnancy
Category A B C D X
This is absolutely indicated in pregnancy
Category X
The safetest category
Category A
These are drugs with abuse potential
Controlled drugs
Example of controlled drugs
Anti-pyschotic drug, anti-depressants
These are usually in yellow prescription
Controlled drugs
Drugs sold by their generic names
Generic drugs
Drugs that have been discovered but that are not financiallg viable
Orphan drugs
These are drugs available without prescription for self treatment
OTC / Over the counter drugs
Three phases of drug action
Pharmaceutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
This phase is the “Dissolution”
Pharmaceutics
This is the dissolving of the smaller particles in the gi fluid
Dissolution
Breakdown of tablet into smaller particles
Disintegration
The 1st phase of drug action
Pharmaceutics
Time it takes for the drug to dinintegrate and dissolve
Rate limiting
The phase on how the body acts on the drug
Pharmacokinetics
Is the process of drug movement to achieve drug action
Pharmacokinetics
The 2nd phase of drug action
Pharmacokinetics
The phase how the body processes drugs
Pharmacokinetics
4 basic components of Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism (Biotransformation)
Excretion
Movement of drug particles from gi tract to body fluids
Absorption
Three types of absorption
Passive absorption
Active absorption
Pinocytosis
Movement of a drug from the site of administration into the bloodstream
Passive Absorption
Movement from higher concentration to lower concentration
Diffusion
This absorption does not require energy to move across the membrane
Passive absorption
This absorption requires a carrier such as an enzyme or protein
Active absorption
In this absorption, energy is required
Active absorption
Process by which cells carry drug across their membrane by engulfinf drug particles
Pinocytosis
Allows a drug to dissolve only in alkaline
Enteric Coating
Allow drugs to be released slowly over time
Sustained release drugs
The transport of drugs from the blood to the site of actioj
Distribution
The degree of distribution of a drug into various body compartments
Volume of Distribution
The breakdown of drug
Metabolism
A more water soluble compound that can easily excreted
Metabolite
A process by which the body changes the chemical structure of a drug to another form called a metabolite
Biotransformation
Hereditary influences drug responses, refers to variations in which individuals metabolize drugs
Pharmacogenetics
Process where drugs are removed from the body
Excretion
The major organs of excretion
Kidney
Minor routes of drug excretion
Intestine
Sweat
Saliva
Breast milk
Elimination of drugs from circulation by all routes
Clearance of drugs
What are the different effects of drugs?
Therapeutic/ Desired Effect
Adverse drug reaction
Side effects
Drug toxicity
Drug abuse
Harm that occurs while a patient is taking a drug
Adverse event
Unwanted or harmful reaction experienced following the administration of a drug
Adverse drug reaction
An effect caused by a drug other than intended therapeutic effect, whether beneficial, neutral, or harmful
Side effecf
Exaggerated adverse reaction to drug
Hypersensitivity / allergy
Describes adverse effects of a drug that occur
Drug toxicity
The misuse of recreational or therapeutic drugs that may lead to addiction
Drug abuse
