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a_anatomy > Lecture 9 - Integument part I > Flashcards

Lecture 9 - Integument part I Flashcards

1
Q

What is considered a part of the integument?

A

skin and it’s appendages

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2
Q

What are considered appendages of the skin?

A

Nails, claws, hair, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands

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3
Q

What is special about the integument system?

A

Largest organ and continuous with the lining of the mouth, anus, urethra, ears, and eyelids

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4
Q

What are the functions of the integument?

A

barrier for protection, immunologic information, sensory information, excretion, thermoregulation

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5
Q

What is the primary function of the skin?

A

Protection

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6
Q

What are the three skin layers?

A

Epidermis - Dermis - Hypodermis

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7
Q

What is contained in the hypodermis?

A

loose CT with fat, not an actual part of the skin layers

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8
Q

What is the hypodermis used for?

A

fat storage

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9
Q

What is another name fore the hypodermis?

A

Superficial fascia

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10
Q

What is the rete apparatus?

A

Interdigitiations of epidermal ridges and dermal ridges

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11
Q

What does the rete apparatus do?

A

attach epidermis to dermis

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12
Q

What cell type does the epidermis consist of?

A

Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

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13
Q

What is the cycle of the epidermis?

A

20-30 days

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14
Q

What are two “types” of skin?

A

thin and thick

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15
Q

What is thick skin’s general characteristics?

A

glabrous, smooth, and non-hairy; lacks hair follicles and sebaceous glands

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16
Q

Why isnt back thick skin?

A

it has fair follicles, the dermis is thick

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17
Q

Where is thick skin found?

A

Palm and soles

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18
Q

How many layers of epidermis does thick skin have?

A

all five

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19
Q

How many layers of epidermis does thin skin have?

A

3-4

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20
Q

What is included in thin skin?

A

Hair follicles, sebaceous, and sweat glands

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21
Q

What are the five layers of the epidermis (stratum)?

A

Corneum - Lucidum - Granulosum - Spinosum - Basale

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22
Q

How are keratinocytes arranged throughout the layers of epidermis?

A

They are throughout with different jobs and appearances

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23
Q

What is the stratum basale?

A

Cells that lie on basement membrane, actively dividing

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24
Q

How often are the cells at the stratum basale renewed?

A

15-30 days (differs with species)

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25
Q

What does a cell at the stratum basale look like?

A

Large nucleus, abundant free ribosomes,

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26
Q

What do the cells at the stratum basale make?

A

intermediate filaments = keratin

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27
Q

What do these keratin filaments make?

A

tonofilaments

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28
Q

What happens to the tonofilaments?

A

Bundled into tonofibrils in the basale and spinosum

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29
Q

What type of adhesion occurs at s. basale?

A

desmosomes, hemidesmosomes

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30
Q

What cell is responsible for skin color?

A

melanocytes

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31
Q

Where are melanocytes located?

A

stratum basale

32
Q

What is the mitotic activity in s. spinosum?

A

Cells adjacent to s. basale are active

33
Q

What type of cells are present in the spinosum?

A

cubodial or slightly flattened

34
Q

What type of cell adhesion occurs in the s. spinosum?

A

filament-filled cytoplasmic spines and desmosomes

35
Q

What is the name for the spaces between desmosomes?

A

nodes of bizzozero

36
Q

What type of filaments are in the spines at the s. spinosum?

A

tonofibrils - numerous bundles

37
Q

Where do these spines terminate?

A

desmosome

38
Q

What immune cell is in the s. spinosum?

A

Langerhan cells

39
Q

What is a special characteristic about the s. granulosum?

A

last layer with nuclei, lysosomal enzymes digest organelles

40
Q

What are two types of granules within s. granulosum?

A

Keratohyalin and lamellar bodies

41
Q

What is happening to the keratinocytes in s. granulosum?

A

they come from the s. spinosum and being to flatten

42
Q

What are the characteristics of keratohyalin granules?

A

intensely basophilic and not surounde by a membrane

43
Q

What are keratohyalin granules made by?

A

ribosomes

44
Q

What is the function of keratohyalin granules?

A

associate with tonofibrils and help strengthen them

45
Q

What is the function of lamellar bodies?

A

discharge lipid rich content, to water proof skin = barrier for foreign substances

46
Q

What produces lamellar bodies?

A

Golgi apparatus

47
Q

What evolutionary function does the s. granulosum provide?

A

Adaptation to terrestrial life

48
Q

Where is s. lucidum found?

A

thick skin only

49
Q

What are the characteristics of the s. lucidium?

A

no nuclei or organelles, densely packed keratin, clear thin eosinophilic layer

50
Q

What are the layers in the s. corneum?

A

deep and superficial

51
Q

What adhesions occur in the deep layer of s. corneum?

A

desmosomes

52
Q

What adhesions occur in the superficial layer of s. corneum?

A

lose desmosomes and undergo desquamation

53
Q

What is the major characteristics of the s. corneum?

A

15-20 layers of flat, non-nucleated, keratinized cells with thick membranes and no organelles (more layers in thick skin)

54
Q

What do melanocytes look like?

A

Rounded cell bodies w/ long irregular extensions between cells of stratum basale and s. spinosum

55
Q

What is the organelle composition in melanocytes?

A

numerous mitochondria, rER, Golgi

56
Q

What activates melanocytes?

A

UV light

57
Q

What does the rER make in melanocytes?

A

precursor to melanin

58
Q

What does the golgi do with the precursor melanin?

A

packages it into melanosomes

59
Q

What occurs at the tips of melanocytes?

A

melanosomes travel to here and are pinched off via cytocrine secretion

60
Q

Where is melanin stored?

A

Keratinocytes

61
Q

What is the pigment donation?

A

melanin produced in melanocytes but stored in keratinocytes

62
Q

What happens to melanin?

A

Attacked and degraded by lysosomes of keratinocyte

63
Q

How does the number of melanocytes change between groups?

A

Same number, distribution and amount of melanin varies

64
Q

What is the origin of melanocytes?

A

neural crest

65
Q

Where are langerhans cells located?

A

s. spinosum

66
Q

Where do langerhans cells originate?

A

bone marrow

67
Q

What is the function of langerhans cells?

A

APC

68
Q

What are the characteristics of langerhans cells?

A

irregular nuclei, pale cytoplasm, long slender processes

69
Q

What is a special structure of langerhans cells?

A

birbeck granules

70
Q

What are birbeck granules?

A

unknown

71
Q

What is psoriasis?

A

Greater epidermal thickness w/ rapid renewal of epidermis

72
Q

Where is rapid cell proliferation occur in psoriasis?

A

s. basale and s. spinosum

73
Q

What happens to keratinocytes in psoriasis?

A

Accumulate in s. corneum

74
Q

What happens cycle time in psoriasis?

A

decreases

75
Q

Where does basal cell carcinoma occur?

A

s. basale

76
Q

What is the growth/placement characteristics of basal cell carcinoma?

A

slow-growing, most common on nose

77
Q

Is basal cell carcinoma metastatic?

A

not metastatic

a_anatomy (43 decks)

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