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a_anatomy > Lecture 15 - Locomotion > Flashcards

Lecture 15 - Locomotion Flashcards

1
Q

What are three environmental medias?

A

Air, water, and land

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2
Q

What does the high density of water cause?

A

Drag is a challenge but gravity is not

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3
Q

What is the biggest challenge of land and air?

A

resisting gravity is a problem but drag is not

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4
Q

What is newtons first law?

A

Every object in motion will stay in motion unless external force is applied

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5
Q

What is newtons second law?

A

F = ma, accleration and force are vectors

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6
Q

What is newtons thirds law?

A

Every action has an equal and opposite reaction

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7
Q

What is GRF?

A

Ground force reaction

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8
Q

What id ground force reaction?

A

when the limb contacts the ground it is the force that it experiences

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9
Q

What the components of GRF?

A

Vertical, horizontal, and medio-lateral

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10
Q

What does the vertical component do?

A

support the animals weight

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11
Q

What does G(h) and G (ml) allow for?

A

acceleration/deceleration, maneuvering, and balancing

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12
Q

What must occur over a series of strides with the average vertical force?

A

Must equal the animals weight

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13
Q

At rest, what must the force on a limb equal?

A

weight/n (n= # of limbs)

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14
Q

What is a gait?

A

Pattern of locomotion

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15
Q

What are the phases of a gait?

A

support and swing phase

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16
Q

What is a stride?

A

one full cycle of support and swing phases

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17
Q

What is a duty cycle?

A

relative fraction of stride period represented by limb’s support phase

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18
Q

What is required to maintain equilibrium?

A

Increase in maximum forces exerted against ground (Gv = W)

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19
Q

How does locomotion proceed?

A

By repetitively throwing CG forward and then catching it

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20
Q

What are cursorial quadrupeds built for?

A

Forward locomotion

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21
Q

Where is the normal center of gravity in located where in cursorial quadrupeds?

A

Just caudal to thoracic limbs

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22
Q

What direction is the center of gravity shifted when head and neck are lowered?

A

Forward

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23
Q

What direction is the center of gravity shifted when head and neck are raising?

A

Backward

24
Q

What direction is the center of gravity shifted when head and neck are turned to the side?

A

Laterally

25
Q

What does the tail do?

A

Contributes to longitudinal and lateral shifts in GC

26
Q

What features decided whether a tail has any effect on GC?

A

mass and length

27
Q

What are two groups of gaits?

A

Asymmetric and symmetric

28
Q

What is a symmetric gait?

A

Movement of limbs on one side repeat motions on other side with intervals between foot falls being evenly spaced

29
Q

What is an asymmetric gait?

A

Limb movements on one side do not repeat those on other side and foot falls are unevenly space

30
Q

What is a symmetric gait?

A

Walking

31
Q

What is an asymmetric gait?

A

Galloping

32
Q

What is forward motion normally started by?

A

One of the hind limbs, shifts CG forward toward contralateral limb

33
Q

What happens at a slow gait with oscillation?

A

CG rhythmically oscillates left and right trunks. Tail, head, and trunk swing side to side

34
Q

What happens with rapid gaits with oscillation?

A

forward momentum and inertia are increased, less lateral oscillation

35
Q

What happens to foot placement with increasing speed?

A

Fewer limbs provide simultaneous support, placement becomes more medial to maintain balance

36
Q

What is EMA?

A

Effective limb mechanical advantage

37
Q

What does EMA show?

A

Ratio of muscles moment arm (r) to moment arm of GRF (R)

38
Q

What is limb mechanical advantage?

A

Ground reaction force acting on limb relative to limb’s posture during support

39
Q

What does limb mechanical advantage determine?

A

moments, or torques, developed at the joints of the limb

40
Q

What can cause EMA to increase?

A

Increasing size of animal

41
Q

What is the posture of larger cursorial mammals when they run?

A

More upright

42
Q

What do larger animals run more upright?

A

Align joints with GRF, increase mechanical advantage, and reduce magnitude of forces against bones and muscles

43
Q

What is mechanical work?

A

Physical work of the animal to maintain oscillations in PE and KE

44
Q

What is PE?

A

Potential energy, energy supplied by muscles to raise and lower body’s center of mass

45
Q

What is KE?

A

Kinetic energy, energy needed to reaccelerate center of mass and limbs

46
Q

What is the affect of the out of phase nature of PE to KE energy during walking?

A

PE is converted to KE then back, 70% energy exchange which reduces metabolic costs

47
Q

What is the spring mechanism?

A

Elastic storage of PE and KE in muscles and tendons as the limb lands on ground, is restored back to limb as it is propelled off the ground

48
Q

What occurs with elastic rebound in regards to metabolic cost?

A

Galloping gaits are metabolically cheaper then trot gait at high speeds

49
Q

What does it mean for something to be metabolically cheaper?

A

Less oxygen needed

50
Q

What was the pelvic limb adapted for?

A

Propulsion

51
Q

What was the thoracic limb adapted for?

A

Support

52
Q

How do thoracic limbs differ from pelvic limbs?

A

Shorter, straighter, and connect to trunk via fibro-muscular attachments

53
Q

What are the characteristics of the pelvic limbs?

A

Long, angular, heavily muscled, connected directly to the vertebral column

54
Q

What muscle group assists to elevate CG?

A

Epaxial muscles

55
Q

Why is the elevation of CG needed?

A

to extend duration of forward motion which is limited due to the pull of gravity

56
Q

What do the pelvic limbs do to the CG?

A

Move it forward and upward

57
Q

What do the thoracic limbs provide?

A

Upward propulsion and directional stability

a_anatomy (43 decks)

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