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a_anatomy > Lecture 36 - Chemical senses > Flashcards

Lecture 36 - Chemical senses Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the olfactory mucosa?

A

Roof of the nasal cavity

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2
Q

What is within the olfactory mucosa?

A

Mucus layer with odorant-binding proteins, olfactory, epithelium, underlying basal lamina (Bowman’s gland)

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3
Q

What is mucus secreted from in the olfactory mucosa?

A

Supporting cells
– and –
Bowman’s gland

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4
Q

What cell types are within the olfactory epithelium?

A

Olfactory receptor neurons
Supporting/sustentacular cells
Basal cells

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5
Q

What is the function of the basal cells in the olfactory epithelium?

A

Stem cells; give rise to new receptors

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6
Q

What is the lifespan of the olfactory receptors?

A

30-60 days

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7
Q

What is the function of the supporting cells in the olfactory epithelium?

A

Columnar cells - contribute to mucus production

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8
Q

What kind of neuron are the olfactory receptor neurons?

A

Bipolar neurons

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9
Q

What are the two regions of the olfactory bipolar neurons?

A

Apical dendrite
– and –
basal unmyelinated axon

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10
Q

What is occurring at the dendritic end of the olfactory neurons?

A

Terminates in the olfactory vesicle

Protrude into the mucous layer and contain receptors

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11
Q

What happens at the basal end of the olfactory receptors?

A

Projects through the Cribriform plate with other axons as bundles (Olfactory fila)

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12
Q

What does the basal end of the olfactory receptor neurons synapse on?

A

Glomeruli of the olfactory bulb

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13
Q

How do the odorants in the air reach the olfactory receptor?

A

Cross the mucosa via binding to odorant binding proteins

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14
Q

How many odorant receptors does each olfactory receptor get?

A

One

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15
Q

What are the two transduction mechanisms that occur in olfactory transduction?

A

One cation
– and –
One calcium

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16
Q

What happens to the olfactory neuron when transduction occurs?

A

Depolarization

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17
Q

What is receptor cycling?

A

Once odorant receptor becomes saturated it retreats into the cell

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18
Q

What type of receptor is a olfactory receptor?

A

G-protein coupled

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19
Q

What type of system is the olfactory system? (in regards to how it works)

A

Change detector system - detects new odorants and ignores old ones

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20
Q

What is the central olfactory pathway? (basic)

A

Olfactory bulb - Tract - Cortex

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21
Q

How many layers are within the olfactory bulb?

A

5

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22
Q

What happens with the axons of the olfactory receptor?

A

Pass through the cribriform plate

Terminate in the olfactory bulb

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23
Q

What are the five layers of the olfactory bulb?

A 
Olfactory nerve 
Glomerular 
External plexiform 
Mitral cell 
Granule cell
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24
Q

What is within the olfactory nerve layer?

A

AXONS of the olfactory receptor neurons

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25
Q

What is within the glomerular layer?

A

Synapses of olfactory receptor neurons on mitral and tufted cells
Periglomerular cells
Tonography of odors

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26
Q

What types of neurons are periglomerular cells?

A

Interneurons

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27
Q

How are glomerular synapses organized?

A

Each synapse receives same odorant information

28
Q

What synapses on the glomeruli after the olfactory receptors?

A

Mitral cells

29
Q

What is contained within the external plexiform layer?

A

Cell bodies of tufted cells

30
Q

What is contained within the mitral layer?

A

Cell bodies of mitral cells

31
Q

What are the three cell layers of the olfactory cortex?

A

Periamygdaloid - Piriform - Enorhinal

32
Q

What is the path of olfactory information through the olfactory cortex?

A 
anterior olfactory nucleus  
olfactory tubercle 
piriform cortex 
amygdala 
periamygdaloid cortex 
entorhinal cortex
33
Q

What is the main output for the association fiber system?

A

Lateral hypothalamus

34
Q

What are other, besides lateral hippocampus, regions that the association fiber system projects to?

A

Ipsilateral olfactory bulb
Contralateral olfactory bulb/cortex
Hippocampus

35
Q

What projects to the hipocampus?

A

Lateral entorhinal cortex

36
Q

What does the anterior olfactory nucleus project to?

A

Ipislateral/Contralateral olfactory bulb

37
Q

What is important for feeding behavior?

A

Olfactory cortex projecting to the lateral hypothalamus

38
Q

What is important for learning behavior?

A

Entorhinal cortex neurons projecting to the hippocampus

39
Q

What is responsible for odor discrimination and identification?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex and insula

40
Q

What also goes to the Orbitofrontal and insula?

A

Taste input

41
Q

What is disosmia?

A

Reduction/loss of sense of smell

42
Q

What are three things that can cause disosmia?

A

Mucosal
Obstruction
Nerve/brain

43
Q

What is the function of the vomeronasal organ?

A

Sexual activity - Flehman reaction - Emotional states - Illnesses

44
Q

What are the three types of papillae on the tongue?

A

Vallate - Foliate - Fungiform

45
Q

What part of the tongue do fungiform papillae cover?

A

Anterior 2/3

46
Q

What part of the tongue does the vallate papillae cover?

A

8-12 in V-shape on posterior tongue

47
Q

Where are the foliate papillae?

A

one on each side of lateral tongue

48
Q

What are the characteristics of a supertaster?

A

Higher density of fungiform papillae
Experience greater oral burn and oral touch
Supersniffers as well

49
Q

Where are taste buds located?

A

Tongue papillae

50
Q

What is the structure of a taste bud?

A

Taste pore - opening

Innervated by afferent neurons

51
Q

What is the lifespan of a taste bud?

A

10-14 days

52
Q

What part of the taste bud does the supporting cell make/

A

The outside portion

53
Q

How many taste receptors to a taste bud?

A

40-60

54
Q

What is the apical end of the taste bud covered in?

A

Microvilli

55
Q

How does salty transduction occur?

A

Sodium of salt taste molecules may eneter through cation channels

56
Q

What does sour transduction occur?

A

Protons of the sour taste molecules may block potassium channels

57
Q

How is sweet, bitter, and sour tasted?

A

G protein coupled receptors

58
Q

What is the central taste pathway for the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

Fungiform/Foliate papillae - taste afferents - chorda tympani of facial nerve - geniculate ganglion - ipsilateral rostral solitary nucleus

59
Q

What is the central taste pathway of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

Vallate papillae/Foliate papillae - taste afferent neurons - glossopharyngeal n. - Inferior ganglion of CN IX - ipsilateral rostral solitary tract

60
Q

What is the central pathway for the soft palate?

A

Extralingual taste buds - taste afferent neurons - greater petrosal branch of the Facial N. - Geniculate ganglion - Ipsilateral rostral solitary nucleus

61
Q

What is the central taste pathway for the epiglottis/esophagus?

A

Extralingual taste buds - taste afferent neurons - superior laryngeal br. of vagus n. - inferior ganglion of CN X - ipsilateral rostral solitary nucleus

62
Q

What are the three ganglia involved with taste?

A

Geniculate - Petrosal - Nodose

63
Q

What CN is the geniculate n. related to?

A

Facial n.

64
Q

What CN is the petrosal ganglia related to?

A

CN IX - Glossopharyngeal

65
Q

What CN is the nodose ganglia related to?

A

Vagus n.

66
Q

What two things does flavor perception drive?

A

Olfactory, taste, and somatosensory cues

a_anatomy (43 decks)

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