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a_anatomy > Lecture 16 - Disorder of gait > Flashcards

Lecture 16 - Disorder of gait Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of contractions?

A

Tonic and phasic

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2
Q

What is tonic contraction?

A

Constant contraction of muscle fibers that maintains muscular and postural integrity

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3
Q

What is phasic contraction?

A

Contraction of muscle fiber beyond tonic contraction, via short bursts

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4
Q

What are two types of phasic contraction?

A

Isotonic and isometric

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5
Q

What is isotonic contraction?

A

Change in muscle length occurs with contraction

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6
Q

What is isometric contraction?

A

Contraction does not result in change in muscle length but instead goes against force

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7
Q

What are two types of isotonic contraction?

A

Concentric and eccentric

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8
Q

What is concentric contraction?

A

Muscle shortening

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9
Q

What is eccentric contraction?

A

Muscle lengthening

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10
Q

What are carnivora’s limbs used for?

A

Manipulation

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of carnivora’s limbs?

A

more mobile limbs and more flexible back

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12
Q

What are cursorial herbivores limbs used for?

A

Solely for posture and locomotion

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of cursorial herbivores limbs?

A

More rigid backs and limbs

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14
Q

What does the Gluteal nn. cause in the hip?

A

Abduction, flexion, and extension

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15
Q

What does the Obturator n. cause in the hip?

A

Adduction and flexion

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16
Q

What does the Femoral n. cause in the hip?

A

Flexion

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17
Q

What does the Sciatic n. cause in the hip?

A

Extension

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18
Q

What does the Femoral n. cause in the stifle?

A

Extension

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19
Q

What does the Sciatic n. cause in the stifle?

A

Extension and flexion

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20
Q

What does the Obturator n. cause in the hock?

A

Extension

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21
Q

What does the Tibial n. cause in the tarsal jt?

A

Extension

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22
Q

What does the Fibular n. cause in the tarsal jt?

A

Flexion

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23
Q

What does the Tibial n. cause in the digital jt?

A

Flexion

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24
Q

What does the Fibular n. cause in the digital jt?

A

Extension

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25
Q

What does the Accessory n. cause in the shoulder?

A

Elevation and advancement

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26
Q

What does the Thoracodorsal n. cause in the shoulder?

A

Retraction

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27
Q

What does the Long Thoracic n. cause in the shoulder?

A

Depression

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28
Q

What does the Suprascapular n. cause in the Gleno-humeral joint?

A

Extension

29
Q

What does the Radial n. cause in the Gleno-humeral joint?

A

Extension

30
Q

What does the Subscapular n. and Pectoral nn. cause in the Gleno-humeral joint?

A

Adduction

31
Q

What does the Axillary n. cause in the Gleno-humeral joint?

A

Flexion

32
Q

What does the Thoracodorsal n. cause in the Gleno-humeral joint?

A

Abduction

33
Q

What does the Radial n. cause in the elbow?

A

Extension and supination

34
Q

What does the Musculocutaneous n. cause in the elbow?

A

Flexion and supination

35
Q

What does the Median n. cause in the elbow?

A

Pronation

36
Q

What does the Radial n. cause in the carpal joints?

A

Extension

37
Q

What does the Median n. cause in the carpal joints?

A

Flexion

38
Q

What does the Radial n. cause in the digital joints?

A

Extension

39
Q

What does the median n. and ulnar n. cause in the digital joints?

A

Flexion

40
Q

What damage does a lesion of the suprascapular n. cause to the muscles?

A

Paralysis of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus

41
Q

What dysfunction in movement would you see with a lesion to suprascapular n.?

A

No affect on standing posture

Shoulder slip

42
Q

What is a shoulder slip?

A

May result in obvious lateral movement of shoulder joint during walking

43
Q

What happens to the muscles over time?

A

Wasting of muscle along scapular spine

44
Q

What is one way to damage the suprascapular n.

A

Overabduction or violent retraction of scapula may stretch nerve agains scapula

45
Q

What are the consequences of radial n. palsy?

A

Paralysis of elbow extensors and carpal digital extensors

Anesthesia of skin territory

46
Q

What is the radial nerve related to? What is the downside of that?

A

Humerus. If broken can injure nerve

47
Q

What happens if the injury to the radial n. occurs at the proximal to middle part of brachium?

A

All three dysfunctions

48
Q

What happens if the injury to the radial n. occurs at the distal part of the brachium?

A

Carpal and digital extensor paralysis

Anesthesia of skin

49
Q

What happens if the injury occurs beyond distal motor branches of the radial n. ?

A

Skin numbness

50
Q

Where do the motor branches stop in the radial n.?

A

Distal antebrachium or manus

51
Q

What happens when the damage to the radial n. is proximal to the origin of tricep innervation?

A

Very serious
No flexion of elbow
No weight bearing on limb
Foot drags on dorsal surface

52
Q

What are the consequences of femoral n. palsy?

A

Paralysis of quadriceps

53
Q

What happens when the quadriceps are paralyzed?

A

Precludes fixation of stifle joint

Limb cant support weight

54
Q

Can the animal compensate with a femoral n. palsy?

A

No

55
Q

What is locked patella?

A

Neuromuscular disorder; persistent and temporary lock

56
Q

What is a persistent lock?

A

Section of medial patellar ligament affected

57
Q

What is a temporary lock?

A

Can be fixed by startling the horse into a sudden movement

58
Q

What happens with a rupture of the peronius tertius?

A

Permits extension of hock while stifle is flexed

59
Q

What is the reciprocal mechanism?

A

Ensure stifle and hock in unison

60
Q

What tendons aid in the reciprocal mechanism?

A

Peroneus tertius and Flexor digitorum superficialis

61
Q

What is the direction of the peroneus tertius tendon?

A

Cranial to tibia

62
Q

What is the direction of the flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

Caudal to tibia

63
Q

When is the stifle fully locked?

A

When horse takes most of weight on that limb and rests on toe of the hoof

64
Q

What occurs when stifle is locked?

A

Weight of hindquarters tends to flex hock
Opposed by tension in superficial flexor caudal to tibia
Peroneus tertius superfluous in animal standing quietly

65
Q

In the passive stay apparatus of pelvic limb where does the caudal mass of the trunk rest on?

A

Head of femur

66
Q

What does the center of mass cause caudal to the stifle if unsupported?

A

flexion

67
Q

What does the center of mass cause cranial to the hock if unsupported?

A

flexion

68
Q

What does the center of mass cause crainal to the fetlock if unsupported?

A

extension

a_anatomy (43 decks)

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