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FA1 Bacteriology > Lecture 9 9/27/23 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 9/27/23 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general characteristics of mycobacterium?

A

-gram-pos.
-acid fast pos.
-facultative intracellular
-rod-shaped
-lipid-rich mycolic acid on cell wall
-cause chronic granulomatous inflammation

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2
Q

What are the two main types of Mycobacterium?

A

tuberculosis group
-non-tuberculosis group

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3
Q

Which tuberculosis group species are of interest?

A

-M. tuberculosis
-M. bovis

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4
Q

Which non-tuberculosis group species is of interest?

A

M. avium complex

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5
Q

Which species is the main cause of tuberculosis in humans?

A

M. tuberculosis

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6
Q

What is a TB granuloma?

A

-multi-nucleated, giant cell
-many epithelioid macrophages containing bacteria
-lymphocytes
-breaks open and allows bacterial spread

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7
Q

What are the steps of a granuloma?

A

-caseous necrosis and mineralization
-liquefaction and cavity formation
-rupture and bacterial dissemination

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8
Q

How can M. tuberculosis be diagnosed?

A

-imaging
-acid fast staining
-culture
-PCR
-tuberculin skin test

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9
Q

How is M. tuberculosis treated?

A

-six-month course of antimicrobial combination therpay

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10
Q

Why are multiple drugs combined in M. tuberculosis treatment?

A

-extracellular and intracellular pathogen location
-bacteria in various phases
-increased tendency to form resistance
-poor drug distribution in walled off lesions

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11
Q

What is multi-drug resistant TB?

A

M. tuberculosis resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampin

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12
Q

What is extensively drug resistant TB?

A

M. tuberculosis resistant to isoniazid, rifampin, a fluoroquinolone, and an injectable second-line drug

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13
Q

Why is the human TB vaccine only used in endemic countries?

A

it interferes with the surveillance efforts in countries that have less frequent cases

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of M. bovis?

A

-causes zoonotic TB
-broadest host range of TB organisms
-disease is indistinguishable from M. tuberculosis
-regulated disease in US

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15
Q

How is M. bovis diagnosed?

A

-cell-mediated response tests (tuberculin or gamma IFN)
-rads
-histopath.
-acid fast stain
-culture
-PCR

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16
Q

How can M. bovis be found at slaughter?

A

identifying granulomatous lesions in lymph nodes and major organs

17
Q

What are the characteristics of M. avium paratuberculosis?

A

-causes Johne’s disease
-chronic, progressive granulomatous enteritis
-possible etiology of Crohn’s disease

18
Q

What is the M. paratuberculosis pathogenesis?

A

-fecal-oral transmission
-causes granulomatous enteritis
-young animals more susceptible

19
Q

Why is there an “iceberg effect” with M. paratuberculosis?

A

there are numerous asymptomatic shedders of the bacteria

20
Q

What are the symptoms of M. paratuberculosis?

A

-diarrhea
-wasting
-edema

21
Q

How is M. paratuberculosis diagnosed?

A

-serum ELISA
-gel immunodiffusion
-hypersensitivity skin test
-IFN-gamma assay
-lymphoblast stimulation assay
-acid fast stain
-culture
-PCR

22
Q

Why is the vaccine that is effective against M. paratuberculosis restricted?

A

-cross reactivity
-interference with surveillance testing
-severe reactions

23
Q

What type of infection is caused by the Mycobacterium avium intraceullar complex?

A

opportunistic granulomatous infections

24
Q

What are the characteristics of M. ulcerans?

A

-causes Buruli ulcer
-cytotoxin “mycolactone” causes tissue necrosis

25
Q

What are the characteristics of M. leprae?

A

-causes leprosy/Hansen’s disease
-chronic granulomatous
-skin lesions, peripheral neuropathy, and nerve thickening
-cannot culture bacteria in vitro
-nine banded armadillo is only known reservoir

26
Q

What disease is caused by M. lepraemurium?

A

feline and murine leprosy

27
Q

What are the characteristics of saprophytic Mycobacterium spp.?

A

-opportunistic
-granulomatous or pyogranulomatous shot response
-chronic, non healing visceral lesions

28
Q

How are Mycobacterium diagnosed in general?

A

-direct stain
-culture
-biopsy and histopath.
-PCR

29
Q

What is unique about Mycobacterium in direct staining?

A

may show up as negative stained/unstained bacilli

30
Q

What general treatment options are available for Mycobacterium?

A

-surgical excision
-long term therapy

FA1 Bacteriology (21 decks)

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