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FA1 Bacteriology > Lecture 21 11/16/23 > Flashcards

Lecture 21 11/16/23 Flashcards

1
Q

What are thermally dimorphic fungi?

A

fungi that are single-celled yeast at body temp, but mold forms at colder environmental temps

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2
Q

Which yeast species are thermally dimorphic?

A

-Histoplasma
-Blastomyces
-Coccidioides
-Sporothrix

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of Blastomyces dermatitidis?

A

-dimorphic fungus characterized by large, broad-based budding yeast
-endemic to Ohio-Mississippi river valley

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of blastomycosis?

A

-spores are inhaled
-common in dogs and humans
-disseminated disease is common
-pyogranulomatous/granulomatous inflammation

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5
Q

How can Blastomyces sp. be diagnosed?

A

-direct detection
-biopsy and histopath.
-fungal culture
-serology

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of Blastomyces treatment and control?

A

-early recognition important
-treated with amphotericin and/or itraconazole
-no vaccine

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of Histoplasma capsulatum?

A

-small, oval yeast
-seen in macrophages
-BSL3
-endemic in Ohio, Missouri, and Mississippi river valleys

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of histoplasmosis?

A

-inhalation of fungus
-transmission favored by dry/dusty conditions and soil disturbance
-common in humans, dogs, and cats
-chronic/active resp. disease or disseminated disease
-intestinal disease in dogs
-granulomatous inflammation
-not usually contagious
-granulomatous chorioretinitis in cats

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9
Q

How are Histoplasma diagnosed?

A

-microscopic detection
-culture
-serology
-antigen detection

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10
Q

What is the treatment for Histoplasma?

A

-azoles
-amphotericin B

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11
Q

How can Histoplasma be controlled?

A

reduce airborne spread of droppings and contaminated dust

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of Coccidioides immitis?

A

-dimorphic fungus that does not produce a yeast
-produces large, thick-walled spherules containing endospores
-BSL3
-endemic in San Joaquin valley/southwestern US

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of coccidioidomycosis?

A

-inhalation of arthroconidia
-transmission favored by dry conditions and soil disturbance
-common in humans, dogs, and horses
-chronic/active resp. and disseminated disease similar to TB
-osteomyelitis

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14
Q

How is Coccidioides immitis diagnosed?

A

-direct detection
-culture
-serology
-antigen EIA

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15
Q

How is Coccidioides immitis treated?

A

-azoles
-amphotericin B

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16
Q

How is Coccidioides controlled?

A

reducing airborne spread of contaminated dust

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of Sporothrix schenkii?

A

-cigar-shaped, elongated, pleomorphic yeast
-lives in plant materials and soil
-disease often subcutaneous/restricted to skin and regional lymph nodes
-common in cats and horses

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18
Q

How is Sporothrix schenkii diagnosed?

A

-microscopic detection
-culture

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19
Q

What are the treatments for Sporothrix schenkii?

A

-azoles
-potassium iodide

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20
Q

How is Sporothrix schenkii controlled?

A

minimizing mechanical injuries from reservoir sources

21
Q

What is Sporothrix brasiliensis?

A

an emerging fungal infection in humans that results from cat bites and scratches

22
Q

What are the characteristics of diseases caused by saprophytic filamentous fungi?

A

-occur in immunocompromised individuals
-can affect most species
-infection can occur throughout the body (many different presentations)

23
Q

Which fungal diseases fall into the saprophytic filamentous category?

A

-zygomycosis
-hyalohyphomycosis
-phaeohyphomycosis

24
Q

What are the characteristics of Aspergillus?

A

-fast-growing mold
-found everywhere in environment
-can invade damaged tissues along blood vessels

25
Q

Which disease presentations can Aspergillus be involved in?

A

-avian resp. infections
-canine and equine nasal/sinus/guttural pouch infections
-canine and equine keratitis
-disseminated aspergillosis in canines
-abortions in ruminants
-allergic reactions
-abscesses

26
Q

What are the general characteristics of Aspergillus infections?

A

-occur in immunocompromised individuals and those in poor conditions
-inhalation or ingestion entry route
-inflammatory response
-invasion of blood vessels

27
Q

What are common presentations of avian aspergillosis/brooder pneumonia?

A

-air sacculitis
-caseous granulomatous pneumonia

28
Q

What are the characteristics of mycotic rumenitis?

A

-following rumen acidosis, acid damages mucosa
-fungi are resistant to acid and invade mucosa

29
Q

When does chronic sinusitis occur in dogs, cats, and horses?

A

following heavy inhalation of molds

30
Q

What occurs in mycotic keratitis in horses?

A

corneal abrasion caused by straw allows mold to infect the damaged cornea

31
Q

Which species are able to cause fungal pneumonia?

A

Aspergillus sp. and other opportunistic fungi

32
Q

How are Aspergillus sp. diagnosed?

A

-direct demonstration
-culture
-serology

33
Q

Which treatments are available for Aspergillus sp.?

A

-amphotericin
-itraconazole
-surgical removal of granulomatous tissue

34
Q

How can Aspergillus sp. be controlled?

A

preventing predisposition

35
Q

Which fungus causes phaeohyphomycosis in dogs?

A

Fonsecaea pedrosoi

36
Q

What are the characteristics of Prototheca?

A

-achlorophyllous algae
-diagnosed through microscopic detection and culture
-treated with surgical excision of lesions
-control involves avoiding potential enviromental sources

37
Q

Which diseases are caused by Prototheca zopfii?

A

-disseminated disease in dogs
-mastitis in cattle
-cutaneous disease in cats and humans

38
Q

Which disease is caused by Prototheca wickerhamii?

A

cutaneous disease in cats and humans

39
Q

What are the characteristics of Oomycetes/water molds?

A

-includes Pythium insidiosum and Lagenidium sp.
-causes cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions in horses, cats, cattle, and humans
-causes GI disease in dogs and cats

40
Q

How can Pythium insidiosum be diagnosed?

A

-cytology and direct detection
-histopath.
-serology
-culture

41
Q

How can Pythium insidiosum be treated/controlled?

A

-aggressive surgical resection
-vaccine available

42
Q

What are the characteristics of white-nose syndrome?

A

-disease in hibernating bats
-caused by Pseudogymnoascus destructans

43
Q

What are the characteristics of Chytridiomycosis in amphibians?

A

-caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
-causes cutaneous disease

44
Q

What is caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi?

A

nasal polyps and cutaneous cysts in mammals and birds

45
Q

What is caused by Pneumocystis carinii?

A

pneumonia in immunodeficient animals

46
Q

What is lacaziosis?

A

fungal infection in dolphins caused by Lacazia loboi

47
Q

What are mycotoxins?

A

secondary metabolites produced by fungi that are capable of causing disease and death

48
Q

What are the major mycotoxins?

A

-ergot alkaloids
-fumonisin
-ochratoxin
-aflatoxin
-zearalenone

FA1 Bacteriology (21 decks)

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