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FA1 Bacteriology > Lecture 6 9/25/23 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 9/25/23 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three gram positive cocci of importance?

A

-staphylococcus
-streptococcus
-enterococcus

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2
Q

What are the general characteristics of staphylococcus bacteria?

A

-often commensals of skin and mucous membranes
-can cause primary and opportunistic infections
-can be contagious
-seen in nosocomial infections

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of staphylococcus virulence?

A

-classified based on coagulase enzyme
-coagulase pos. bacteria are more virulent than coagulase neg. bacteria

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4
Q

Which three coagulase positive bacteria are important for this class?

A

-Staph. aureus
-Staph. hyicus
-Staph. pseudintermedius

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5
Q

How do staph. bacteria invade the body?

A

through broken skin or mucous membranes

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6
Q

How do staph. bacteria cause damage?

A

-inflammation
-destruction of neutrophils
-pus formation

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7
Q

Which staph. species cause purulent infections in dogs and cats?

A

-S. pseudintermedius
-S. aureus

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8
Q

Which staph. species is the most common isolate from canine pyoderma?

A

S. pseudintermedius

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9
Q

Why are dogs highly susceptible to purulent staph. infections?

A

thin skin that can easily be invaded

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10
Q

Which staph. species causes greasy pig disease/exudative epidermititis?

A

Staph. hyicus

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11
Q

What staph. species causes mastitis in cattle?

A

S. aureus

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12
Q

What is botryomycosis?

A

a chronic pyogranulomatous inflammation caused by S. aureus

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13
Q

How does pyogenic inflammation differ from pyogranulomatous inflammation?

A

-pyogenic inf. involves lots of neutrophils/pus
-pyogranulomatous also involves macrophage pus in addition to neutrophils

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14
Q

What staph. species causes bumble foot/chronic pododermatitis in poultry?

A

S. aureus

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15
Q

Which toxin-mediated diseases occur in humans as a result of superantigen effects?

A

-staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome
-staphylococcal food poisoning
-staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome

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16
Q

What types of infections are coagulase-neg. staph. species involved in?

A

-nosocomial
-UTI
-colonization of catheters and implants

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17
Q

How can staph. species be diagnosed in the lab?

A

-cytology or gram staining
-routine aerobic culture
-PCR/molecular detection

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18
Q

What is the limitation associated with using PCR to detect staph.?

A

staph. is a common commensal and may result in a false positive even if it is not causing the disease

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19
Q

Why is it important to identify the underlying disease states with staph. infections?

A

staph. are primarily opportunistic, so just treating the bacterial infection will not fully resolve the problem

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20
Q

What treatment options are available for staph. infections?

A

-cleansing shampoo
-topical antibiotic application
-other antimicrobials

21
Q

What are the characteristics of MRSA and MRSP?

A

-staph. strains resistant to all beta-lactams
-often multi-drug resistant
-resistance mediated by mecA and mecC genes

22
Q

Why is infection control important with staph. species?

A

-can be zoonotic/reverse zoonotic
-household spread and occupational risk possible

23
Q

What preventative measures can be taken for staph.?

A

-proper precautions/hygiene
-identifying increased risk
-isolation of infected animals
-education of owners

24
Q

Why are patients colonized with staph. species not treated?

A

staph. is mostly a commensal

25
Q

What are the characteristics of streptococcus bacteria?

A

-gram pos. cocci in chains
-commensals of mucous membranes

26
Q

What disease is caused by Strep. equi equi?

A

strangles

27
Q

What is strangles?

A

contagious upper resp. disease in horses

28
Q

What are the characteristics of strangles?

A

-high morbidity
-low mortality
-young horses often protected by maternal antibodies

29
Q

What are the clinical signs of strangles?

A

-fever
-depression
-anorexia
-dysphagia
-moist cough
-purulent nasal discharge
-lymph node abcess

30
Q

What are the potential infection complications with S. equi?

A

-guttural pouch empyema
-metastatic/disseminated strangles
-purpura hemorrhagica

31
Q

What is purpura hemorrhagica?

A

hemorrhage and edema triggered by a hypersensitivity immune reaction

32
Q

How can S. equi be diagnosed?

A

-staining/micro. examination
-culture
-serology
-PCR

33
Q

What are the characteristics of S. equi treatment?

A

-most animals recover spontaneously following abscess maturation/rupture
-can provide treatments for pain relief/speeding recovery
-antibiotics only effective if given soon after exposure/sometimes in disseminated cases

34
Q

What are the characteristics of S. equi control?

A

-reportable disease in many states
-vaccination available

35
Q

What are the characteristics of S. equi carriers?

A

-can be asymptomatic, clinical, convalescent, and/or long-term
-harbor bacteria in guttural pouch after infection

36
Q

What are the characteristics of S. equi zooepidemicus?

A

-opportunistic
-broad host range
-purulent infections

37
Q

What are the characteristics of Strep. canis?

A

-commensal of skin and mucous membranes
-causes infections in dogs and cats
-can lead to severe bacteremia/septicemia

38
Q

What are the characteristics of Strep. suis?

A

-pathogenic or commensal associated with pigs
-can lead to severe disease
-serious zoonosis

39
Q

What condition is caused by Strep. porcinus?

A

jowl abscess in pigs

40
Q

Which species are able to cause bovine streptococcal mastitis?

A

-S. agalactiae
-S. dysgalactiae
-S. uberis

41
Q

Which strep. species causes subclinical mastitis?

A

S. uberis

42
Q

What are the characteristics of Strep. iniae?

A

-causes acute fulminating septicemia in fish
-recognized zoonosis from fish

43
Q

What are the characteristics of Strep. pyogenes?

A

-has superantigens
-can cause necrotizing fasciitis

44
Q

What are the characteristics of Strep. pneumonia?

A

-causes pneumoccocal pneumonia, septicemia, and meningitis
-domestic pets can be carriers

45
Q

How can strep. species be treated/prevented?

A

-highly susceptible to penicillin
-proper wound management and hygeine

46
Q

What are the characteristics of Enterococcus sp.?

A

-opportunistic pathogen
-normal intestinal flora
-natural resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, clindamycin, and trimethoprim sulfa
-developing vancomycin resistance

47
Q

What is the main virulence factor of Strep. equi?

A

M protein

48
Q

When is vancomycin used?

A

as a last resort, primarily for S. aureus

FA1 Bacteriology (21 decks)

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