Lecture 16 11/6/23

Question 1

What are the general characteristics of Campylobacter spp.?

Answer 1

-curved, motile, gram-neg rods
-opportunistic extracellular
-microaerophilic
-do not survive in environment
-inhabit GI and lower genital tracts
-difficult to isolate; need special cultures

Question 2

What are the characteristics of C. jejuni?

Answer 2

-cause of intestinal infection and diarrhea
-transmitted through ingestion of contaminated material
-common in young animals/poor conditions

Question 3

What are the characteristics of C. jejuni virulence and pathogenesis?

Answer 3

-motility through single bipolar flagellum
-heat labile enterotoxin

Question 4

What are the potential outcomes of C. jejuni disease?

Answer 4

-self-limiting, benign enteritis
-superficial erosive colitis and ileitis
-bacterial invasion/bacteremia

Question 5

How is C. jejuni diagnosed??

Answer 5

-feces culture
-PCR

Question 6

How is C. jejuni treated?

Answer 6

-no treatment for self-limiting disease
-macrolides/fluoroquinolones for severe cases

Question 7

How can C. jejuni be prevented?

Answer 7

-food/kitchen hygiene
-adequate cooking times
-fly control
-slaughterhouse/processing hygiene

Question 8

Which antibiotic is C. jejuni showing resistance to?

Answer 8

fluoroquinolones

Question 9

What is the post-infectious syndrome associated with C. jejuni?

Answer 9

-Guillain-Barre syndrome
-acute immune-mediated demyelination of peripheral nerves

Question 10

What are the two subspecies of C. fetus?

Answer 10

-subsp. venerealis
-subsp. fetus

Question 11

What type of infection does C. fetus cause in bulls?

Answer 11

subclinical infection in preputial crypts (bovine venereal campylobacteriosis)

Question 12

How can C. fetus be transmitted?

Answer 12

-venereal infection
-contaminated instruments, bedding, and semen

Question 13

What are the characteristics of C. fetus clinical disease?

Answer 13

-breeding/insemination with infected semen/bull
-colonization of female genital tract
-infertility/repeat breeding

Question 14

What conditions can cause transient fertility and early embryonic death?

Answer 14

-endometritis
-salpingitis

Question 15

What is the route of infection for C. fetus subsp. fetus?

Answer 15

oral/ingestion

Question 16

What happens to fetuses infected with C. fetus fetus?

Answer 16

-autolyzed
-orange-yellow necrotic foci in liver

Question 17

How can C. fetus be diagnosed in bulls?

Answer 17

-detection in smegma, preputial wash, or semen
-darkfield microscopy
-PCR
-culture

Question 18

What are the characteristics of PCR for diagnosing C. fetus in bulls?

Answer 18

-bact. can only survive for a few hours after collection
-inoculation in appropriate media can increase survival

Question 19

How is C. fetus diagnosed in cows?

Answer 19

detection of IgA antibodies in cervical/vaginal mucus

Question 20

How can C. fetus be treated?

Answer 20

-rare use of antimicrobials for intrauterine/preputial infusions
-more routine antimicrobial use for semen extenders

Question 21

How can C. fetus be controlled?

Answer 21

-breed animals that test negative
-use young bulls
-vaccination

Question 22

What are the characteristics of Vibrio cholerae?

Answer 22

-causes cholera, acute diarrheal illness through intestinal infection
-often mild
-rapid loss of body fluids can lead to dehydration/shock
-death can occur in hours

Question 23

What are the characteristics of Helicobacter?

Answer 23

-small, spirally curved, gram-neg
-microaerophilic
-pathogenic and commensals of gastric mucosa and intestine
-causes gastric ulcers and gastric neoplasms

Question 24

What are the virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori?

Answer 24

-adhesins
-flagella
-endotoxin
-extracellular urease
-mucinase
-vacuolating cytotoxin
-catalase

Question 25

What is the most important virulence factor for H. pylori?

Answer 25

extracellular urease

Question 26

Which Helicobacter species are found in the stomachs of dogs and cats?

Answer 26

-H. canis
-H. felis
-H. heilmannii

Question 27

What are the characteristics of H. hepaticus and H. bilis?

Answer 27

-mouse pathogens
-cause hepatocellular tumors

Question 28

What diseases are caused by H. mustelae in ferrets?

Answer 28

-hypergastrinemia
-peptic ulcers

Question 29

How are Helicobacter sp. diagnosed?

Answer 29

-endoscopy/biopsy
-urease/breath test
-microscopic detection
-serology
-PCR

Question 30

How are Helicobacter sp. treated?

Answer 30

-gastric proton pump inhibitors
-antimicrobials in humans

Question 31

How can Helicobacter sp. be controlled?

Answer 31

-isolate/treat infected animals
-test and cull lab animals

Question 32

What are the characteristics of Lawsonia intracellularis?

Answer 32

-small, spirally curved, gram-neg
-obligate intracellular
-replicate in apical cytoplasm of enterocytes
-cannot grow in a lab

Question 33

Which disease is L. intracellularis associated with in swine?

Answer 33

associated with porcine proliferative enteropathy

Question 34

What is the pathognomonic sign for L. intracellularis?

Answer 34

serosal cerebriform or gyrate pattern of projections/depressions in distal ileum/colon

Question 35

Which disease is caused by L. intracellularis in horses?

Answer 35

equine proliferative enteropathy

Question 36

How is L. intracellularis diagnosed?

Answer 36

-histopath and silver staining
-PCR
-serology

Question 37

How is L. intracellularis treated?

Answer 37

-antimicrobials in feed/water

Question 38

How is L. intracellularis controlled?

Answer 38

-live attenuated vx for swine
-intrarectal vx in horses
-specific pathogen free approaches